閬煎鍝厭鏈夊浐楂旂噿鍫垮競鍫村児鏍�
姘哀鍖栭垑锛屽寲瀛稿紡鐐篘aOH锛屼織绋辩噿鍫�銆佺伀鍫�銆佽嫑鎬ч垑锛岀偤涓€绋叿鏈夊挤鑵愯潟鎬х殑寮峰牽锛屼竴鑸偤鐗囩媭鎴栭绮掑舰鎱�(t脿i)锛屾槗婧朵簬姘�(婧朵簬姘存檪鏀剧啽)骞跺舰鎴愬牽鎬ф憾娑�锛屽彟鏈夋疆瑙ｆ€э紝鏄撳惛鍙栫┖姘ｄ腑鐨勬按钂告埃(娼В)鍜屼簩姘у寲纰�(璁婅唱(zh矛))銆�
NaOH鏄寲瀛稿椹楀鍏朵腑涓€绋繀鍌欑殑鍖栧鍝侊紝浜︾偤甯歌鐨勫寲宸ュ搧涔嬩竴銆傜磾鍝佹槸鐒¤壊閫忔槑鐨勬櫠楂斻€傚瘑搴�2.130g/cm3銆傜啍榛�318.4鈩�銆傛哺榛�1390鈩�銆傚伐妤�(y猫)鍝佸惈鏈夊皯閲忕殑姘寲閳夊拰纰抽吀閳�锛屾槸鐧借壊涓嶉€忔槑鐨勬櫠楂�銆傛湁濉婄媭锛岀墖鐙€锛岀矑鐙€鍜屾鐙€绛夈€傚紡閲�40.01姘哀鍖栭垑鍦ㄦ按铏曠悊涓彲浣滅偤鍫挎€ф竻娲楀姂锛屾憾浜庝箼閱囧拰鐢樻补锛屼笉婧朵簬涓欓唶銆佷箼閱�銆傚湪楂樻韩涓嬪皪纰抽垑涔熸湁鑵愯潟浣滅敤銆傝垏姘�銆佹捍銆佺绛夐沟绱犵櫦(f膩)鐢熸鍖栧弽鎳�(y墨ng)锛岃垏閰搁璧蜂腑鍜屼綔鐢ㄨ€岀敓鎴愰菇鍜屾按銆�
鍩烘湰绨′粙.
姘哀鍖栭垑锛屽寲瀛稿紡鐐篘aOH锛屼織绋辩噿鍫�銆佺伀鍫�銆佽嫑鎬ч垑锛岀偤涓€绋叿鏈夊緢寮疯厫铦曟€х殑寮峰牽锛屼竴鑸偤鐗囩媭鎴栭绮掑舰鎱�(t脿i)锛屾槗婧朵簬姘�(婧朵簬姘存檪鏀剧啽)骞跺舰鎴愬牽鎬ф憾娑�锛屽彟鏈夋疆瑙ｆ€э紝鏄撳惛鍙栫┖姘ｄ腑鐨勬按钂告埃(娼В)鍜屼簩姘у寲纰�(璁婅唱(zh矛))銆侼aOH鏄寲瀛稿椹楀鍏朵腑涓€绋繀鍌欑殑鍖栧鍝�锛屼害鐐哄父瑕嬬殑鍖栧伐鍝佷箣涓€銆傜磾鍝佹槸鐒¤壊閫忔槑鐨勬櫠楂�銆傚瘑搴�2.130g/cm3銆傜啍榛�318.4鈩�銆傛哺榛�1390鈩�銆傚伐妤�(y猫)鍝佸惈鏈夊皯閲忕殑姘寲閳夊拰纰抽吀閳夛紝鏄櫧鑹蹭笉閫忔槑鐨勬櫠楂斻€傛湁濉婄媭锛岀墖鐙€锛岀矑鐙€鍜屾鐙€绛夈€傚紡閲�40.01
姘哀鍖栭垑鍦ㄦ按铏曠悊涓彲浣滅偤鍫挎€ф竻娲楀姂锛屾憾浜庝箼閱囧拰鐢樻补;涓嶆憾浜庝笝閱�銆佷箼閱�銆傚湪楂樻韩涓嬪皪纰抽垑涔熸湁鑵愯潟浣滅敤銆傝垏姘�銆佹捍銆佺绛夐沟绱犵櫦(f膩)鐢熸鍖栧弽鎳�(y墨ng)銆傝垏閰搁璧蜂腑鍜屼綔鐢ㄨ€岀敓鎴愰菇鍜屾按銆�
.
鐗╃悊鎬ц唱(zh矛)
姘哀鍖栭垑鐐虹櫧鑹插崐閫忔槑绲�(ji茅)鏅剁媭鍥洪珨銆傚叾姘存憾娑叉湁婢€鍛冲拰婊戣啯鎰�銆�
娼В鎬�
鍦ㄧ┖姘ｄ腑鏄撴疆瑙ｃ€�
鍚告按鎬�
鍥哄牽鍚告繒鎬у緢寮�锛屾毚闇插湪绌烘埃涓�锛屽惛鏀剁┖姘ｄ腑鐨勬按鍒嗗瓙锛屽悗鏈冨畬鍏ㄦ憾瑙ｆ垚婧舵恫锛� 浣嗘恫鎱�(t脿i)姘哀鍖栭垑娌掓湁鍚告繒鎬�銆�
婧惰В鎬�
妤垫槗婧朵簬姘�锛屾憾瑙ｆ檪鏀惧嚭澶ч噺鐨勭啽銆傛槗婧朵簬涔欓唶銆佺敇娌�銆�
鍫挎€�
姘哀鍖栭垑婧朵簬姘翠腑鏈冨畬鍏ㄨВ闆㈡垚閳夐洟瀛愯垏姘哀鏍归洟瀛愶紝鎵€浠ュ畠鍏锋湁鍫跨殑閫氭€�銆�
瀹冨彲鑸囦换浣曡唱(zh矛)瀛愰吀閫茶閰稿牽涓拰鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)(涔熷爆浜庡京(f霉)鍒嗚В鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)):
NaOH + HCl = NaCl + H?O
2NaOH + H?SO?=Na?SO?+2H?O
NaOH + HNO?=NaNO?+H?O
鍚屾ǎ锛屽叾婧舵恫鑳藉鑸囬菇婧舵恫鐧�(f膩)鐢熷京(f霉)鍒嗚В鍙嶆噳(y墨ng):
NaOH + NH?Cl = NaCl +NH?路H?O
2NaOH + CuSO?= Cu(OH)?鈫�+ Na?SO?
2NaOH+MgCl?= 2NaCl+Mg(OH)?鈫�
鐨傚寲鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)
瑷卞鐨勬湁姗熷弽鎳�(y墨ng)涓紝姘哀鍖栭垑涔熸壆婕旇憲椤炰技鍌寲鍔戠殑瑙掕壊锛屽叾涓紝鍏蜂唬琛ㄦ€х殑鑾亷浜庣殏鍖栧弽鎳�(y墨ng):
RCOOR' + NaOH = RCOONa + R'OH
鍏朵粬
涔嬫墍浠ユ矮姘у寲閳夊湪绌烘埃涓鏄撹畩璩�(zh矛)鎴愮⒊閰搁垑(Na?CO?)锛屾槸鍥犵偤绌烘埃涓惈鏈変簩姘у寲纰�(CO?):
2NaOH + CO? = Na?CO? + H?O
鍊樿嫢鎸佺簩(x霉)閫氬叆閬庨噺鐨勪簩姘у寲纰筹紝鍓囨渻鐢熸垚纰抽吀姘垑(NaHCO?)锛屼織绋辩偤灏忚槆鎵擄紝鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)鏂圭▼寮忓涓嬫墍绀�:
Na?CO? + CO? + H?O = 2NaHCO?
鍚屾ǎ锛屾矮姘у寲閳夎兘鑸囧儚浜屾哀鍖栫(SiO?)銆�(SO?)绛夐吀鎬ф哀鍖栫墿鐧�(f膩)鐢熷弽鎳�(y墨ng):
2NaOH + SiO? = Na?SiO? + H?O
2NaOH + SO?(寰噺)= Na?SO? + H?O
NaOH + SO?(閬庨噺)= NaHSO?(鐢熸垚鐨凬a?SO?鍜屾按鑸囬亷閲忕殑SO?鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)鐢熸垚浜哊aHSO?)
椤忚壊鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)
椤忚壊鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)瀹冭兘鑸囨寚绀哄姂鐧�(f膩)鐢熷弽鎳�(y墨ng):
姘哀鍖栭垑婧舵恫鏄牽鎬�锛屼娇鐭宠晩瑭︽恫璁婅棈锛屼娇閰氶厼瑭︽恫璁婄磪銆�
鑵愯潟鎬�
姘哀鍖栭垑灏嶇幓鐠冨埗鍝佹湁杓曞井鐨勮厫铦曟€�锛屽叐鑰呮渻鐢熸垚纭呴吀閳夛紝浣垮緱鐜荤拑鍎€鍣ㄤ腑鐨勬椿濉為粡钁椾簬鍎€鍣ㄤ笂銆傚洜姝ょ洓鏀炬矮姘у寲閳夋憾娑叉檪涓嶅彲浠ョ敤鐜荤拑鐡跺锛屽惁鍓囧彲鑳芥渻灏�(d菐o)鑷寸摱钃嬬劇娉曟墦闁�銆�
濡傛灉浠ョ幓鐠冨鍣ㄩ暦鏅傞枔鐩涜鐔辩殑姘哀鍖栭垑婧舵恫锛屼篃鏈冮€犳垚鐜荤拑瀹瑰櫒鎼嶅銆�
(鐜荤拑涓惈鏈塖iO? :2NaOH + SiO? = Na?SiO? + H?O)
鍏朵粬鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)
鍏╂€ч噾灞渻鑸囨矮姘у寲閳夊弽鎳�(y墨ng)鐢熸垚姘埃銆�1986骞�锛岃嫳鍦嬫湁涓€娌圭綈杌婅瑁濊級閲嶉噺鐧惧垎鐜囨績搴︾偤25%鐨勬矮姘у寲閳夋按婧舵恫锛屾矮姘у寲閳変究鑸囨补缃愬鐨勯媮鐢�(ch菐n)鐢熷寲瀛歌畩鍖栵紝灏�(d菐o)鑷存补缃愬洜鍏�(n猫i)閮ㄥ鍔涢亷杓夎€屾案涔呭彈鎼�锛屽弽鎳�(y墨ng)鏂圭▼寮忓涓嬫墍绀�:
2Al + 2NaOH + 2H?O = 2NaAlO? + 3H?鈫�
鍏╂€ч潪閲戝爆涔熸渻鑸囨矮姘у寲閳夊弽鎳�(y墨ng)鐢熸垚姘埃锛屽:
Si + 2NaOH + H?O=Na?SiO? + 2H?鈫�
姘哀鍖栭媮鐨勫埗鍌欎篃鐗芥秹鍒版矮姘у寲閳夌殑浣跨敤:
6NaOH +2KAl(SO?)?=2Al(OH)?鈫� + K?SO? +3Na?SO?
娉ㄦ剰Al锛圤H)3鏄撴憾浜庡挤鍫� Al(OH)3+NaOH=Na[Al(OH)4]锛堝洓缇ュ熀鍚堥媮閰搁垑) 鎵€浠ユ矮姘у寲閳変笉鑳介亷閲�
娉�:Al(OH)?(姘哀鍖栭媮)鐐轰竴绋父鐢ㄤ簬闄ゅ幓姘翠腑闆滆唱(zh矛)鐨勮啝鐙€鍑濊仛鍔�銆傚洜閬庢浮閲戝爆鐨勬矮姘у寲鐗╁ぇ閮戒笉澶憾浜庢按锛屼笖姘哀鍖栭媮琛ㄩ潰鐨勯潰绌嶅ぇ鍙互鍚搁檮灏忓井绮�锛屾晠浜庤嚜渚嗘按涓坊鍔犳槑绀�(KAl(SO4)2路12H2O)鍙績浣块亷娓￠噾灞互姘哀鍖栫墿鐨勫舰寮忔矇娣€鏋愬嚭锛屽啀鍒╃敤绨″柈鐨勯亷婵捐ō(sh猫)鍌欙紝鍗冲彲瀹屾垚鑷締姘寸殑鍒濇閬庢烤銆�
姘哀鍖栭媮鍙敤浜庡埗鍙栨槑绀�(KAl(SO4)2路12H2O):灏囨矮姘у寲閶佹憾浜庣～閰革紝鍐嶅姞鍏ヨ▓閲忕殑纭吀閴€婧舵恫鍔犵啽鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)銆佺稉(j墨ng)閬庢烤銆佹績绺�銆佺祼(ji茅)鏅�銆侀洟蹇冨垎闆€€佸共鐕�锛屽埗寰楃～閰搁媮閴€鎴愬搧銆�
鍑堟按瑭崇窗鍘熺悊鏄槑绀湪姘翠腑鍙互闆婚洟鍑哄叐绋噾灞洟瀛�:KAl(SO4)2= K + Al3+ + 2SO4 锛岃€孉l寰堝鏄撶敓鎴愯啝鐙€鐨勬矮姘у寲閶丄l(OH)3:Al3+ + 3H2O 鈮扐l(OH)3+ 3H+锛屾矮姘у寲閶佽啝楂旂殑鍚搁檮鑳藉姏寰堝挤锛屽彲浠ュ惛闄勬按閲屾嚫娴殑闆滆唱(zh矛)锛屽苟褰㈡垚娌夋穩锛屼娇姘存緞娓�銆備絾鏄矑鏈夋姣掍綔鐢�锛屾姣掓噳(y墨ng)鐢–l鎴朇lO2
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