璨村窞鐏牽鑸囩墖鍫垮崁(q奴)鍒ョ敓鐢�(ch菐n)寤犲
姘哀鍖栭垑锛屽寲瀛�(xu茅)寮忕偤NaOH锛屼織绋辩噿鍫�銆佺伀鍫�銆佽嫑鎬ч垑锛岀偤涓€绋叿鏈夊挤(qi谩ng)鑵愯潟鎬х殑寮�(qi谩ng)鍫�锛屼竴鑸偤鐗囩媭鎴栭绮掑舰鎱�(t脿i)锛屾槗婧朵簬姘�(婧朵簬姘存檪(sh铆)鏀剧啽)骞跺舰鎴愬牽鎬ф憾娑�锛屽彟鏈夋疆瑙ｆ€�锛屾槗鍚稿彇绌烘埃涓殑姘磋捀姘�(娼В)鍜屼簩姘у寲纰�(璁婅唱(zh矛))銆�
NaOH鏄寲瀛�(xu茅)瀵�(sh铆)椹�(y脿n)瀹ゅ叾涓竴绋繀鍌欑殑鍖栧(xu茅)鍝侊紝浜︾偤甯歌鐨勫寲宸ュ搧涔嬩竴銆傜磾鍝佹槸鐒�(w煤)鑹查€忔槑鐨勬櫠楂斻€傚瘑搴�2.130g/cm3銆傜啍榛�(di菐n)318.4鈩�銆傛哺榛�(di菐n)1390鈩�銆傚伐妤�(y猫)鍝佸惈鏈夊皯閲忕殑姘寲閳夊拰纰抽吀閳�锛屾槸鐧借壊涓嶉€忔槑鐨勬櫠楂斻€傛湁濉婄媭锛岀墖鐙€锛岀矑鐙€鍜屾鐙€绛夈€傚紡閲�40.01姘哀鍖栭垑鍦ㄦ按铏曠悊涓彲浣滅偤鍫挎€ф竻娲楀姂锛屾憾浜庝箼閱囧拰鐢樻补锛屼笉婧朵簬涓欓唶銆佷箼閱氥€傚湪楂樻韩涓嬪皪(du矛)纰抽垑涔熸湁鑵愯潟浣滅敤銆傝垏姘�銆佹捍銆佺绛夐沟绱犵櫦(f膩)鐢熸鍖栧弽鎳�(y墨ng)锛岃垏閰搁璧蜂腑鍜屼綔鐢ㄨ€岀敓鎴愰菇鍜屾按銆�
鍩烘湰绨�(ji菐n)浠�.
姘哀鍖栭垑锛屽寲瀛�(xu茅)寮忕偤NaOH锛屼織绋辩噿鍫�銆佺伀鍫�銆佽嫑鎬ч垑锛岀偤涓€绋叿鏈夊緢寮�(qi谩ng)鑵愯潟鎬х殑寮�(qi谩ng)鍫�锛屼竴鑸偤鐗囩媭鎴栭绮掑舰鎱�(t脿i)锛屾槗婧朵簬姘�(婧朵簬姘存檪(sh铆)鏀剧啽)骞跺舰鎴愬牽鎬ф憾娑�锛屽彟鏈夋疆瑙ｆ€�锛屾槗鍚稿彇绌烘埃涓殑姘磋捀姘�(娼В)鍜屼簩姘у寲纰�(璁婅唱(zh矛))銆侼aOH鏄寲瀛�(xu茅)瀵�(sh铆)椹�(y脿n)瀹ゅ叾涓竴绋繀鍌欑殑鍖栧(xu茅)鍝�锛屼害鐐哄父瑕嬬殑鍖栧伐鍝佷箣涓€銆傜磾鍝佹槸鐒�(w煤)鑹查€忔槑鐨勬櫠楂�銆傚瘑搴�2.130g/cm3銆傜啍榛�(di菐n)318.4鈩冦€傛哺榛�(di菐n)1390鈩�銆傚伐妤�(y猫)鍝佸惈鏈夊皯閲忕殑姘寲閳夊拰纰抽吀閳夛紝鏄櫧鑹蹭笉閫忔槑鐨勬櫠楂�銆傛湁濉婄媭锛岀墖鐙€锛岀矑鐙€鍜屾鐙€绛�銆傚紡閲�40.01
姘哀鍖栭垑鍦ㄦ按铏曠悊涓彲浣滅偤鍫挎€ф竻娲楀姂锛屾憾浜庝箼閱囧拰鐢樻补;涓嶆憾浜庝笝閱�銆佷箼閱�銆傚湪楂樻韩涓嬪皪(du矛)纰抽垑涔熸湁鑵愯潟浣滅敤銆傝垏姘�銆佹捍銆佺绛夐沟绱犵櫦(f膩)鐢熸鍖栧弽鎳�(y墨ng)銆傝垏閰搁璧蜂腑鍜屼綔鐢ㄨ€岀敓鎴愰菇鍜屾按銆�
.
鐗╃悊鎬ц唱(zh矛)
姘哀鍖栭垑鐐虹櫧鑹插崐閫忔槑绲�(ji茅)鏅剁媭鍥洪珨銆傚叾姘存憾娑叉湁婢€鍛冲拰婊戣啯鎰熴€�
娼В鎬�
鍦ㄧ┖姘ｄ腑鏄撴疆瑙ｃ€�
鍚告按鎬�
鍥哄牽鍚告繒鎬у緢寮�(qi谩ng)锛屾毚闇插湪绌烘埃涓�锛屽惛鏀剁┖姘ｄ腑鐨勬按鍒嗗瓙锛屽悗鏈�(hu矛)瀹屽叏婧惰В鎴愭憾娑�锛� 浣嗘恫鎱�(t脿i)姘哀鍖栭垑娌掓湁鍚告繒鎬с€�
婧惰В鎬�
妤垫槗婧朵簬姘�锛屾憾瑙ｆ檪(sh铆)鏀惧嚭澶ч噺鐨勭啽銆傛槗婧朵簬涔欓唶銆佺敇娌�銆�
鍫挎€�
姘哀鍖栭垑婧朵簬姘翠腑鏈�(hu矛)瀹屽叏瑙ｉ洟鎴愰垑闆㈠瓙鑸囨矮姘ф牴闆㈠瓙锛屾墍浠ュ畠鍏锋湁鍫跨殑閫氭€с€�
瀹冨彲鑸囦换浣曡唱(zh矛)瀛愰吀閫�(j矛n)琛岄吀鍫夸腑鍜屽弽鎳�(y墨ng)(涔熷爆浜庡京(f霉)鍒嗚В鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)):
NaOH + HCl = NaCl + H?O
2NaOH + H?SO?=Na?SO?+2H?O
NaOH + HNO?=NaNO?+H?O
鍚屾ǎ锛屽叾婧舵恫鑳藉鑸囬菇婧舵恫鐧�(f膩)鐢熷京(f霉)鍒嗚В鍙嶆噳(y墨ng):
NaOH + NH?Cl = NaCl +NH?路H?O
2NaOH + CuSO?= Cu(OH)?鈫�+ Na?SO?
2NaOH+MgCl?= 2NaCl+Mg(OH)?鈫�
鐨傚寲鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)
瑷卞鐨勬湁姗�(j墨)鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)涓�锛屾矮姘у寲閳変篃鎵紨钁楅浼煎偓鍖栧姂鐨勮鑹�锛屽叾涓�锛屽叿浠ｈ〃鎬х殑鑾亷浜庣殏鍖栧弽鎳�(y墨ng):
RCOOR' + NaOH = RCOONa + R'OH
鍏朵粬
涔嬫墍浠ユ矮姘у寲閳夊湪绌烘埃涓鏄撹畩璩�(zh矛)鎴愮⒊閰搁垑(Na?CO?)锛屾槸鍥�?y脿n)姒珴搴垫郴顑嵏顠樿陡顖�?CO?):
2NaOH + CO? = Na?CO? + H?O
鍊樿嫢鎸佺簩(x霉)閫氬叆閬庨噺鐨勪簩姘у寲纰�锛屽墖鏈�(hu矛)鐢熸垚纰抽吀姘垑(NaHCO?)锛屼織绋辩偤灏忚槆鎵�锛屽弽鎳�(y墨ng)鏂圭▼寮忓涓嬫墍绀�:
Na?CO? + CO? + H?O = 2NaHCO?
鍚屾ǎ锛屾矮姘у寲閳夎兘鑸囧儚浜屾哀鍖栫(SiO?)銆�(SO?)绛夐吀鎬ф哀鍖栫墿鐧�(f膩)鐢熷弽鎳�(y墨ng):
2NaOH + SiO? = Na?SiO? + H?O
2NaOH + SO?(寰噺)= Na?SO? + H?O
NaOH + SO?(閬庨噺)= NaHSO?(鐢熸垚鐨凬a?SO?鍜屾按鑸囬亷閲忕殑SO?鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)鐢熸垚浜哊aHSO?)
椤忚壊鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)
椤忚壊鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)瀹冭兘鑸囨寚绀哄姂鐧�(f膩)鐢熷弽鎳�(y墨ng):
姘哀鍖栭垑婧舵恫鏄牽鎬�锛屼娇鐭宠晩瑭︽恫璁婅棈(l谩n)锛屼娇閰氶厼瑭︽恫璁婄磪銆�
鑵愯潟鎬�
姘哀鍖栭垑灏�(du矛)鐜荤拑鍒跺搧鏈夎紩寰殑鑵愯潟鎬�锛屽叐鑰呮渻(hu矛)鐢熸垚纭呴吀閳�锛屼娇寰楃幓鐠冨剙鍣ㄤ腑鐨勬椿濉為粡钁椾簬鍎€鍣ㄤ笂銆傚洜姝ょ洓鏀炬矮姘у寲閳夋憾娑叉檪(sh铆)涓嶅彲浠ョ敤鐜荤拑鐡跺锛屽惁鍓囧彲鑳芥渻(hu矛)灏�(d菐o)鑷寸摱钃嬬劇(w煤)娉曟墦闁�銆�
濡傛灉浠ョ幓鐠冨鍣ㄩ暦(zh菐ng)鏅�(sh铆)闁撶洓瑁濈啽鐨勬矮姘у寲閳夋憾娑诧紝涔熸渻(hu矛)閫犳垚鐜荤拑瀹瑰櫒鎼嶅銆�
(鐜荤拑涓惈鏈塖iO? :2NaOH + SiO? = Na?SiO? + H?O)
鍏朵粬鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)
鍏╂€ч噾灞渻(hu矛)鑸囨矮姘у寲閳夊弽鎳�(y墨ng)鐢熸垚姘埃銆�1986骞达紝鑻卞湅(gu贸)鏈変竴娌圭綈杌婅瑁濊級閲嶉噺鐧惧垎鐜囨績搴︾偤25%鐨勬矮姘у寲閳夋按婧舵恫锛屾矮姘у寲閳変究鑸囨补缃愬鐨勯媮鐢�(ch菐n)鐢熷寲瀛�(xu茅)璁婂寲锛屽皫(d菐o)鑷存补缃愬洜鍏�(n猫i)閮ㄥ鍔涢亷杓夎€屾案涔呭彈鎼�锛屽弽鎳�(y墨ng)鏂圭▼寮忓涓嬫墍绀�:
2Al + 2NaOH + 2H?O = 2NaAlO? + 3H?鈫�
鍏╂€ч潪閲戝爆涔熸渻(hu矛)鑸囨矮姘у寲閳夊弽鎳�(y墨ng)鐢熸垚姘埃锛屽:
Si + 2NaOH + H?O=Na?SiO? + 2H?鈫�
姘哀鍖栭媮鐨勫埗鍌欎篃鐗芥秹鍒版矮姘у寲閳夌殑浣跨敤:
6NaOH +2KAl(SO?)?=2Al(OH)?鈫� + K?SO? +3Na?SO?
娉ㄦ剰Al锛圤H)3鏄撴憾浜庡挤(qi谩ng)鍫� Al(OH)3+NaOH=Na[Al(OH)4]锛堝洓缇ュ熀鍚堥媮閰搁垑) 鎵€浠ユ矮姘у寲閳変笉鑳介亷閲�
娉�:Al(OH)?(姘哀鍖栭媮)鐐轰竴绋父鐢ㄤ簬闄ゅ幓姘翠腑闆滆唱(zh矛)鐨勮啝鐙€鍑濊仛鍔戙€傚洜閬庢浮閲戝爆鐨勬矮姘у寲鐗╁ぇ閮戒笉澶憾浜庢按锛屼笖姘哀鍖栭媮琛ㄩ潰鐨勯潰绌嶅ぇ鍙互鍚搁檮灏忓井绮�锛屾晠浜庤嚜渚�(l谩i)姘翠腑娣诲姞鏄庣が(KAl(SO4)2路12H2O)鍙績浣块亷娓￠噾灞互姘哀鍖栫墿鐨勫舰寮忔矇娣€鏋愬嚭锛屽啀鍒╃敤绨�(ji菐n)鍠殑閬庢烤瑷�(sh猫)鍌�锛屽嵆鍙畬鎴愯嚜渚�(l谩i)姘寸殑鍒濇閬庢烤銆�
姘哀鍖栭媮鍙敤浜庡埗鍙栨槑绀�(KAl(SO4)2路12H2O):灏囨矮姘у寲閶佹憾浜庣～閰�锛屽啀鍔犲叆瑷�(j矛)閲忕殑纭吀閴€婧舵恫鍔犵啽鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)銆佺稉(j墨ng)閬庢烤銆佹績绺�銆佺祼(ji茅)鏅�銆侀洟蹇冨垎闆�銆佸共鐕�锛屽埗寰楃～閰搁媮閴€鎴愬搧銆�
鍑堟按瑭崇窗(x矛)鍘熺悊鏄槑绀湪姘翠腑鍙互闆婚洟鍑哄叐绋噾灞洟瀛�:KAl(SO4)2= K + Al3+ + 2SO4 锛岃€孉l寰堝鏄撶敓鎴愯啝鐙€鐨勬矮姘у寲閶丄l(OH)3:Al3+ + 3H2O 鈮扐l(OH)3+ 3H+锛屾矮姘у寲閶佽啝楂旂殑鍚搁檮鑳藉姏寰堝挤(qi谩ng)锛屽彲浠ュ惛闄勬按閲屾嚫娴殑闆滆唱(zh矛)锛屽苟褰㈡垚娌夋穩锛屼娇姘存緞娓�銆備絾鏄矑鏈夋姣掍綔鐢�锛屾姣掓噳(y墨ng)鐢–l鎴朇lO2
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