AM聚丙烯酰胺的合成及工藝物理特性：PAM由丙烯腈與水在骨架銅催化劑作用下直接反響生成聚丙烯酰胺再經(jīng)離子交流聚合單調(diào)，等工序即得廢品，工藝簡介如下：催化劑：催化水合CH2=CHCN+H2O 濕度 CH2=CHCONH2 聚合nCH2=CHCONH2-引發(fā)劑-CH2CHCONH2
聚丙烯酰胺工業(yè)用處：聚丙烯酸胺(PAM全球爆發(fā)下 凈水行業(yè)的路在何方
2020年注定是個多奈多難 艱苦抗?fàn)幍囊荒?有淚水又感動 也有勝利后的短暫喜悅 面對全球爆發(fā)性的大 我們凈水行業(yè)又將如何發(fā)展 河南安家凈環(huán)?？萍贾铝τ谏a(chǎn)聚丙烯酰胺 聚合氯化鋁 聚合硫酸鐵 20余年 經(jīng)歷了很多很多 身處中原地區(qū) 比鄰湖北 情也是很嚴(yán)重的 進(jìn)入3月 在領(lǐng)導(dǎo)下 黨的指揮下 基本戰(zhàn)勝 企業(yè)復(fù)工復(fù)出陸續(xù)開始 聚合氯化鋁 聚丙烯酰胺的生產(chǎn)基本進(jìn)入正常階段 因為我們的工人基本都是當(dāng)?shù)貑T工 技術(shù)成熟 生產(chǎn)工藝所需的原材料也是省內(nèi)就能采購到的 聚丙烯酰胺 聚合氯化鋁作為污水處理的必備良藥 在每個企業(yè) 每個行業(yè)都是不可或缺的 但是影響不在我們內(nèi)部生產(chǎn) 而是 外部 很多小企業(yè) 生產(chǎn)不能進(jìn)行 用了最多的 洗沙 食品污水廠 污水站都是不能停歇的 影響最多的就是小的生產(chǎn)廠家 我們安家凈有著渾厚的生產(chǎn)力量 資金支持 和老客戶們的支持 每天的出貨量都在百噸以上 價格也是在免稅免租 刺激經(jīng)濟(jì) 幫扶中小企業(yè)的度過難關(guān)的支持下 一直以質(zhì)優(yōu)價廉 穩(wěn)定市場情緒 供應(yīng)客戶需要
河南安家凈環(huán)保 聚丙烯酰胺 聚合氯化鋁 聚合硫酸鐵 選擇我們是選擇一份服務(wù) 一份誠信 一份感動 一份安穩(wěn) 期待您的來電 安家凈環(huán)保 曹經(jīng)理 15838356978 Where is the way of water purification industry under the outbreak of b epidemic
2020 is destined to be a tough year for donai, with tears, feelings and short joy after victory. In the face of the b explosive epidemic, how will our water purification industry develop Henan anjiajing environmental protection technology, devoted to the production of polyacrylamide poly aluminum chloride poly ferric sulfate? Over 20 years, we have experienced many experiences in Central China, neighboring Hubei Province The epidemic situation is very serious. In March, under the leadership of the government and the command of the party, we basically defeated the epidemic situation. The enterprises returned to work and started to produce polyaluminium chloride polyacrylamide, which basically entered the normal stage. Because our workers are basically the raw materials required by the mature production technology of local employees, and also the polyacrylamide that can be purchased in the province As a necessary medicine for sewage treatment, polyaluminium chloride is indispensable in every industry of every enterprise, but the impact is not on our internal production, but on the external production of many small enterprises, which can not use the most sand washing food sewage plants, sewage plants, which can not stop, the most impact is that small manufacturers, we have a strong production force to settle down With the support of capital support and old customers, the daily shipment volume is more than 100 tons, and the price is also provided to customers with the support陰離子聚丙烯酰胺水解度越高越好嗎？其實這個問題太抽象了,陰離子聚丙烯酰胺不一定水解度越高就好；應(yīng)該關(guān)于某類型的污水，陰離子挑選哪種水解度的適宜。 咱們先了解一下，陰離子聚丙烯酰胺 的制備與那些要素有聯(lián)系： 丙烯與丙烯酰胺單體合成聚丙烯酰胺的反應(yīng)為自由基聚合反應(yīng)，聚合速度、共聚物的組成、產(chǎn)品分子量及其分子量散布等是衡量該反應(yīng)的重要目標(biāo)，影響這些目標(biāo)的要素首要有反應(yīng)的溫度、反應(yīng)液的堿 度、引發(fā)系統(tǒng)、單體的比率及濃度等。 上面是比較學(xué)術(shù)型，如果看不懂沒聯(lián)系，咱們有簡單一點(diǎn)的說法。 點(diǎn)擊翻開原圖 陰離子聚丙烯酰胺的分子量是差異他們的一個目標(biāo)，陰離子分子量大多都在800-2000萬之間。 跟著水解度的添加，羧基陰離子添加，分子鏈不斷伸展，然后有使絮凝作用逐漸增強(qiáng)的作用；一起，聚丙烯酰胺分子的負(fù)電性亦逐漸增強(qiáng)，又阻礙了其與負(fù)電性的泥沙雜質(zhì)相吸附，并且在吸附架橋中起 首要作用的活性基團(tuán)-酰胺基也不斷減少，然后跟著水解度的添加，又存在使絮凝作用逐漸變差的要素。 陰離子聚丙烯酰胺作為綜合成果：水解比過大，加堿費(fèi)用較高，水解比過小，又會使反應(yīng)不足，陰離子型聚丙烯酰胺的混凝或助凝作用較差。 所以陰離子聚丙烯酰胺不一定水解度越高越好，什么都會有個限度，適宜的才是zui優(yōu)的河南安家凈環(huán)保是一家專業(yè)出產(chǎn)各種水處理藥劑，致力于綠色環(huán)保可再生資源的繼續(xù)使用，很多投入了科 研資金，首要產(chǎn)品有聚丙烯酰胺絮凝系列，聚合氯化鋁系列，聚合硫酸鐵系列，堿式氯化鋁等均受到全國客戶的一致好評，咱們將一如即往的出產(chǎn)出品質(zhì)優(yōu)質(zhì)的產(chǎn)品來報答客戶對咱們一向的支持聚丙烯酰胺生產(chǎn)及市場現(xiàn)狀分析，可得以下幾點(diǎn)認(rèn)識：
多人在使用前，都知道需要經(jīng)過進(jìn)行小試后確定聚合氯化鋁的使用方案后在進(jìn)行大量的投加使用，其中小試需要得到的有聚合氯化鋁的類型、含量、溶解濃度、使用方法等。那么如何進(jìn)行聚合氯化鋁的小試呢？河南環(huán)?？萍加邢薰緸槟榻B一下。
聚合氯化鋁的小試一般是先將聚合氯化鋁配置成5%濃度的水溶液來進(jìn)行實驗。通常為了方面可以稱取5g的聚合氯化鋁固體，然后添加到100ml的水中，就可以配置成聚合氯化鋁的水溶液。然后將需要處理的污水進(jìn)行取樣并分配成相同的若干份，然后就可以使用聚合氯化鋁進(jìn)行小試。
用滴管將聚合氯化鋁的水溶液慢慢添加到污水中，并使用玻璃棒進(jìn)行攪拌，觀察污水的絮凝效果，如果出現(xiàn)礬花就表示聚合氯化鋁的絮凝效果較好，然后將不同的量的聚合氯化鋁水溶液添加到污水的樣品中，攪拌靜置一段時間后觀察看哪個污水樣品更加干凈清澈。在使用聚合氯化鋁的過程中，有時候需要添加一些其他的助凝劑如聚丙烯酰胺等，這樣會加快污水的絮凝和沉淀達(dá)到更加好的處理效果。ties. The flocculation is deteriorated gradually with the addition of hydrolysis degree. Anionic polyacrylamide as a comprehensive result: the hydrolysis ratio is too large, the cost of adding alkali is higher, the hydrolysis ratio is too small, and the reb will be insufficient, the coagulation or coagulation of anionic polyacrylamide is poor. Therefore, anionic polyacrylamide is not necessarily hydrolyzed higher, the better, everything will have a limit, the appropriate is Zui excellent Henan Anjiajing Environmental Protection is a professional production of various water treatment agents, committed to the continued use of green and environmentally friendly renewable resources, a lot of investment in scientific research funds, the primary product is polyacrylamide flocs. Coagulation series, polyaluminium chloride series, polyferric sulfate series, alkaline aluminium chloride series and so on are all praised by the national customers. We will continue to produce high-quality products to repay customers for our support of the production and market analysis of polyacrylamide, we can get the following understandings:
1、我國已有10個5000t/a以上的PAM生產(chǎn)廠，其中有5個萬噸級PAM大廠。這典 廠家占全國年產(chǎn)量的56%，生產(chǎn)的集中度正在提高。PAM全行業(yè)的總銷售額為62億元。
2、PAM的主要用途是油田、水處理、造紙三大領(lǐng)域，而且仍然會有增大用量的余場水處理已占整個PAM市場的1/4，并且將會比油田市場的增長速度更快；目前造紙市場比較集中，由四五家PAM廠所占有，其中某些品種有較強(qiáng)的專用性。陽離子型聚丙烯酰胺所占比例只有13%，從水處理市場今后發(fā)展來看，陽離子型聚丙烯酰胺的發(fā)展都將有更快的增速。
3、目前，PAM產(chǎn)品在我國的能源戰(zhàn)略、節(jié)水戰(zhàn)略中占有重要的地位，是不可缺少的產(chǎn)品，它在我國乃至全世界的能源危機(jī)以及下一個更為嚴(yán)重的水資源危機(jī)中將會扮演更為積極的角色。
4、由于一些油田淡水資源的缺乏及降低生產(chǎn)成本、環(huán)保等方面的要求，三次采油多采用污水配制聚合物，對耐溫抗鹽聚合物的需求越來越多，取代高分子聚丙烯酰胺的趨勢，而我國能夠生產(chǎn)抗鹽聚合物的企業(yè)只有三四家，總生產(chǎn)能力在6×104t左右，遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)不能滿足三次采油的需求，因此，抗鹽聚丙烯酰胺具有廣闊的應(yīng)用前景。
There are 10 PAM factories with a capacity of more than 5000t/a in China, of which there are 5 large PAM factories with a capacity of 10,000 tons. This manufacturer accounts for 56% of the country's annual output, and the concentration of production is increasing. The total sales volume of PAM industry is 6.2 billion yuan.
2. The main uses of PAM are oil field, water treatment and papermaking, and there is still room for increasing the amount of PAM. The second largest market, water treatment, has accounted for one fourth of the total PAM market and will grow faster than the oilfield market. At present, the paper-making market is relatively concentrated and occupied by four or five PAM factories, some of which have strong specificity. The proportion of cationic polyacrylamide is only 13%. From the future development of water treatment market, the development of cationic polyacrylamide will have a faster growth rate.
3. At present, PAM products occupy an important b in China's energy strategy and water-saving strategy, and are indispensable products. It will play a more active role in the energy crisis in China and the world as well as in the next more serious water resources crisis.
4. Because of the shortage of freshwater resources in some oilfields and the requirement of reducing production cost and environmental protection, sewage is mostly used to prepare polymers for tertiary oil recovery. There is an increasing demand for temperature-resistant and salt-resistant polymers, which tends to replace polymer polyacrylamide in an all-round way. However, only three or four enterprises in China can produce salt-resistant polymers. The total production capacity of salt-resistant polyacrylamide is about 6 *104t, which can not meet the demand of tertiary oil recovery. Therefore, salt-resistant polyacrylamide has broad application prospects.
In addition, the demand for polyacrylamide products will increase considerably in recent years due to the attention paid by our government and relevant enterprises to sewage treatment. Most domestic enterprises plan to build polyacrylamide projects mainly for urban sewage treatment. According to experts'prediction, the annual demand of municipal wastewater treatment in Shanghai alone will reach 1 x104t. It can be expected that the application potential of polyacrylamide products in wastewater treatment will be tremendous.
It can be seen that salt-resistant polyacrylamide products have broad application prospects in tertiary oil recovery and sewage treatment.
此外，由于近幾年來我和有關(guān)企業(yè)對污水處理事業(yè)的重視，對聚丙烯酰胺產(chǎn)品的需求量將會有較大幅度的增加。國內(nèi)大部分企業(yè)擬建聚丙烯酰胺項目主要是針對城市污水處，僅上海的城市污水處理年需量將達(dá)1×104t，可以預(yù)期聚丙烯酰胺產(chǎn)品在 污水處理方面應(yīng)用的潛為巨大。
由此可見，抗鹽聚丙烯酰胺產(chǎn)品在三次采油和污水處理方面的應(yīng)用前景十分廣闊，其他行業(yè)的應(yīng)
外表形成吸附，還可以將帶有負(fù)電荷的填料和纖維吸附，使細(xì)料的藏著率有效的提高，漿料的濾水功效得到進(jìn)一步的改善好的粘附力。由于以上性能PAM普遍應(yīng)用于絮凝、增稠、減阻、擬膠、粘結(jié)、阻垢等范疇 。
陰離子聚丙烯酰胺依據(jù)不同用處和用戶對產(chǎn)品性能的央求，可選用不同分子量運(yùn)用。
在工業(yè)廢水處置中，特別是關(guān)于懸浮顆粒、較粗、濃度高、粒子帶陽電荷，水的PH值為中性工堿性的污水如鋼鐵廠廢水，電鍍廠廢水，冶金廢水，洗煤廢水等污水處置效果很好。
在飲用水處置。我國很多自來水廠的水源自江河泥少及礦物質(zhì)含量高，比擬混濁，雖經(jīng)過沉淀處置，但仍達(dá)不到央求，需求投加絮凝劑，才干使水質(zhì)變清，很多自來水廠采用無機(jī)絮凝劑，但投加量大，構(gòu)成污泥量增大效果不好，采用陰離子聚丙烯酰胺作絮凝劑，投加量是無機(jī)絮凝的50分之一但效果是無機(jī)絮凝劑的幾倍至幾十倍，特別是我公司消費(fèi)的聚丙烯酰胺，剩余單體已抵達(dá)食品級(小于0.05%)，接近國外先對處置飲用水更為合適，關(guān)于有機(jī)物污染嚴(yán)重的江河水和陰離子聚丙烯酰胺配合運(yùn)用效果更好。
聚丙烯酰胺用作淀粉廠及酒精廠的流失淀粉及酒糟的回收。往常很多淀粉廠排出的廢水內(nèi)淀粉很高，排放之后影響環(huán)境，糜費(fèi)資源，投加PAM，使淀粉沉淀，沉淀物經(jīng)壓濾機(jī)壓濾變成餅類可作飼料，酒精廠大量的酒糟就是采用這種工藝加工的，黑龍江某酒精廠就是聚丙烯酰胺作絮凝劑，對酒糟中止回收的而且獲得了很大的經(jīng)濟(jì)效益。
聚丙烯酰胺用作油田調(diào)剖堵水的堵水劑，三次采油的驅(qū)油劑。
聚丙烯酰胺用作造紙助劑，PAM在造紙方面用處很普遍，可作為長纖維造紙分散劑，干濕加強(qiáng)劑，助留，助濾劑及造紙廢水的絮凝劑等。
最新型的水處置劑聚丙烯酰胺，在很多場所處置污水和上水時，陰離子聚丙烯酰胺和陽離子聚丙烯酰胺配合運(yùn)用要比單獨(dú)運(yùn)用一種離子型聚丙烯酰胺產(chǎn)生十分顯著和協(xié)同效應(yīng)，PAM對降低外表張力的才干要遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)大于同條件下陽離子或陰離子單獨(dú)存在的才干，為抵達(dá)降低外表張力的央求，需求同時運(yùn)用陰離子和陽離子聚丙烯酰胺，便兩者如運(yùn)用不當(dāng)，會產(chǎn)生白色沉淀物，失去運(yùn)用效果 。而PAM具有兩性離子的特性，它能夠完成陰離子、陽離子的配合協(xié)同作用，面沒有任何沉淀物的產(chǎn)生，特別是對水質(zhì)狀況比擬復(fù)雜或水的性質(zhì)經(jīng)常變化的，運(yùn)用PAM作為處置絮凝劑更為便當(dāng)，效果更好。
在污水預(yù)處置中采用的污泥取自以錢塘江水為水源的沉淀池，該水廠以聚合氯化鋁PAC為絮凝劑。污泥經(jīng)自然濃縮到含固率為2.7%～2.8%，經(jīng)測定，污泥中有機(jī)物含量為12.1%，sj如含量為52.1%，Al。含量為20.2%。 PAM有陽離子型、陰離子型和非離子型三品種型。非離子型PAM溶解速度較慢，普通不用于污泥預(yù)處置，因而實驗僅選用兩種有代表性的陽離子聚丙烯酰胺和陰離子聚丙烯酰胺。陽離子型PAM分子量1200萬，丙烯酰胺單體含量0.012%。陰離子型PAM分子量1250萬，丙烯酰胺單體含量0.013％。兩種PAM配制濃度均為0.05％%，冰箱冷藏24h后運(yùn)用。
(1)PAM預(yù)處置污泥取lOOml污泥，放入300ml的燒杯中，采用六聯(lián)攪拌機(jī)以1130rpm的轉(zhuǎn)速快 速攪拌30s后疾速投加～定量制備好的PAM，繼續(xù)以lOOrpm的轉(zhuǎn)速攪拌30s， 然后降低攪拌機(jī)轉(zhuǎn)速到20～30rpm慢速攪拌60s促進(jìn)絮凝。分別測定預(yù)處置后污泥的比阻、毛細(xì)吸水時間(CST)、過濾液的粘度和離心液的粘度。
(2)比阻按考克力(Coackley)提出的實驗辦法，采用布氏漏斗實驗。布氏漏斗的直徑為80mm，濾紙采用由70mm定量中速濾紙，實驗真空度控制為0.01MPa。實驗反復(fù)3次取均勻值。
(3)為了降低比阻，進(jìn)步污泥脫水效果，在污泥脫水前普通均需對污泥中止預(yù)處置。污泥預(yù)處置的辦法有冰凍一凍結(jié)預(yù)處置、熱處置、酸處置、堿處置、石灰預(yù)處置和高分子絮凝劑預(yù)處置等，其中高分子絮凝劑聚丙烯酰胺(PAM) 預(yù)處置是目前國內(nèi)外采用最普遍的預(yù)處置辦法。
(4) 聚丙烯酰胺絮凝劑預(yù)處置普通占整個污泥處置費(fèi)用較高的比例，因而，聚丙烯酰胺的優(yōu)加率的合理肯定對降低污泥預(yù)處置費(fèi)用相當(dāng)關(guān)鍵。對選擇聚丙烯酰胺的實驗辦法的研討已展開多年，包括比阻、CST值、污泥流變性、分別液粘度、活動電流等。The synthesis and process physical properties of AM polyacrylamide: PAM is prepared by direct reb of acrylonitrile with water under the b of framework copper catalyst, and then dried by ion exchange polymerization. The process is as follows: catalyst: catalytic hydration CH2 = CHCN + H2 humidity CH2 = CHCONH2 polymerization nCH2 = CHCONH2 - initiator - CH2CHCONH2
Industrial uses of polyacrylamide: Polyacrylamide (PAM) has high molecular weight, good water solubility, adjustable molecular weight, and can introduce various ionic groups to obtain specific properties. Low molecular weight is an effective additive or stabilizer for dispersing materials. High molecular weight is an important flocculant. It can produce hydrophilic and water-insoluble gel, which has good adhesion to many groups of surface and dissolved substances. Because of the above properties, PAM is widely used in flocculation, thickening, drag reduction, glue imitation, bonding, scale inhibition and other fields.
Anionic polyacrylamide can be used in different molecular weights according to different uses and user's requirements for product perbance.
In industrial wastewater treatment, especially for suspended particles, coarser, high concentration, positive charged particles, neutral and alkaline wastewater such as iron and steel plant wastewater, electroplating plant wastewater, bllurgical wastewater, coal washing wastewater and other wastewater treatment effect is very good.
In drinking water treatment. The water source of many Waterworks in our country is low in mud and high in mineral content, which is turbid. Although it has been treated by precipitation, it still can not meet the requirements. Flocculants are needed to make the water quality b. Many waterworks use inorganic flocculants, but the amount of inorganic flocculants is large, resulting in poor effect of sludge increase. Anionic polyacrylamide acrylamide monomer was 0.012%. The molecular weight of anionic PAM was 12.5 million and the content of acrylamide monomer was 0.013%. The concentration of two kinds of PAM is 0.05%. They are used after refrigeration for 24 hours.
(1) PAM pretreatment sludge takes lOml sludge and puts it into a 300 ml beaker. Six-unit mixers are used to mix at 1130 RPM speed for 30 seconds, and then the PAM is added to the sludge quickly and quantitatively. The PAM is stirred at lOOrpm speed for 30 seconds, then the speed of the mixer is reduced to 20-30 rpm and the slow stirring speed is 60 seconds to promote flocculation. The specific resistance of pretreated sludge, capillary water absorption time (CST), the viscosity of filtrate and the viscosity of centrifuge were measured.
(2) The specific resistance is tested by Brinell funnel according to the test b proposed by Coackley. The diameter of Brinell funnel is 80 mm. The filter paper is made of 70 mm medium speed filter paper. The vacuum degree of the test is controlled to 0.01 MPa. The experiment was repeated three times to get the average value.
(3) In order to reduce specific resistance and improve sludge dewatering effect, sludge should be pretreated before sludge dewatering. Sludge pretreatment bs include freeze-thaw pretreatment, heat treatment, acid treatment, alkali treatment, lime pretreatment and polymer flocculant pretreatment. Polymer flocculant polyacrylamide (PAM) pretreatment is the most widely used pretreatment b at home and abroad.
(5)實驗研討標(biāo)明：投加陽離子型和陰離子型PAM后污泥比阻都降低近2個數(shù)量級，顯著改善了污泥的脫水性能。陰投加率為0.3kg/T干污泥，陽離子劑的首選。
(6)依據(jù)CST值變化肯定PAM最投加率與測定比阻得到的最投加率分歧。并且CST值與比阻之間存在線性相關(guān)關(guān)系，比阻值越大，CST值越大，因而能夠采用CST值來近似替代污泥比阻反映污泥的脫水性能。與比阻相比，cST值測定快速、煩瑣，不但適用于實驗室研討，還可用于消費(fèi)現(xiàn)場，快速理解污泥脫水性能的變化，使操作人員及時調(diào)楚PAM投加率，儉省藥劑費(fèi)。is used as flocculant, and the dosage is inorganic flocculant. One fiftieth of the flocculants, but the effect is several times to dozens of times that of inorganic flocculants. Especially the polyacrylamide produced by our company, the residual monomers have reached the food grade (less than 0.05%), close to the advanced level abroad, non-toxic, more suitable for the treatment of drinking water, and better for the use of organic pollutants polluted river water and anionic polyacrylamide.
Polyacrylamide is used to recover lost starch and distiller's grains in starch and alcohol factories. At present, the starch in the waste water discharged by many starch factories is very high. After discharging, it affects the environment, wastes resources, and adds PAM to make starch precipitate. The precipitate is filtered by pressure filter to become cake and can be used as feed. A large number of distillers'grains in the alcohol factories are processed by this process. A certain alcohol factory in Heilongjiang Province uses polyacrylamide as flocculant, which recycles the distillers' grains and obtains a great deal of experience. Economic benefits.
Polyacrylamide is used as water shutoff agent for profile control and water shutoff in Oilfield and oil displacement agent for tertiary oil recovery.
Polyacrylamide is used as paper-making additive. PAM is widely used in paper-making. It can be used as long fiber paper-making dispersant, wet and dry reinforcing agent, retention aid, filter aid and flocculant of paper-making wastewater.
The latest type of water treatment agent polyacrylamide, when treating sewage and water in many occasions, the combination of anionic polyacrylamide and cationic polyacrylamide has a very significant and synergistic effect than using one kind of ionic polyacrylamide alone. The ability of PAM to reduce surface tension is much greater than the ability of cations or anions existing alone under the same conditions. For the requirement of low surface tension, both anionic and cationic polyacrylamide need to be used at the same time. If they are used improperly, white precipitates will be produced and the effect of using them will be lost. PAM has the characteristics of amphoteric ions. It can complete the coordination of anions and cations. There is no precipitate on the surface. Especially, it is more convenient to use PAM as a flocculant because of the complex water quality or the changeable nature of water.
The sludge used in sewage pretreatment is taken from the sedimentation tank with Qiantang River water as its source of water, and PAC is used as a flocculant in the water plant. The sludge was naturally concentrated to a solid content of 2.7%-2.8%. The organic matter content in the sludge was 12.1%, SJ content was 52.1%, Al content was determined. The content was 20.2%. There are three types of PAM: cationic, anionic and nonionic. Non-ionic PAM dissolves slowly and is generally not used for sludge pretreatment. Therefore, only two representative cationic polyacrylamides and anionic polyacrylamides are selected in the experiment. The molecular weight of cationic PAM was 12 million and the content of
