陰離子聚丙烯酰胺水解度越高越好嗎？其實(shí)這個(gè)問題太抽象了,陰離子聚丙烯酰胺不一定水解度越高就好；應(yīng)該關(guān)于某類型的污水，陰離子挑選哪種水解度的適宜。 咱們先了解一下，陰離子聚丙烯酰胺 的制備與那些道治理用的除磷劑是對城市水源水混凝除濁處理及除磷的物品?？梢栽趯Τ鞘兴此炷凉崽幚硗瑫r(shí)，到達(dá)深度除磷意圖。
從而將處理后飲用水中的磷含量降至界限值以下，不需要改動(dòng)原水處理流程，不需要增設(shè)大型水處理構(gòu)筑物，簡便易行，經(jīng)濟(jì)實(shí)用，可獲得顯著的社會(huì)和經(jīng)濟(jì)效益。
河道治理用的除磷劑運(yùn)用方法量投加不會(huì)造成不良影響的，畢竟鐵也是微生物生長所需要的微量元素。但是如果投加量過大，則會(huì)使污泥活性收到影響，還有疑問可以到環(huán)保.通交流。
生化末端 沒有影響，何況少量的鐵鹽能夠?qū)hosphorus removal agent for road treatment is a kind of material for coagulation and turbidity removal of urban water source and phosphorus removal. It can reach the intent of deep dephosphorization at the same time of coagulation and turbidity removal of urban water source.
Thus, the phosphorus content in treated drinking water can be reduced to below the threshold value, without changing the original water treatment process, without adding large water treatment structures, which is simple, economical and practical, and can achieve remarkable social and economic benefits.
The amount of phosphorus removal agent used in river regulation will not cause adverse effects. After all, iron is also a trace element needed for microbial growth. However, if the dosage is too large, the sludge activity will be affected. There are still doubts about environmental protection and communication.
There is no effect on the biochemical end, let alone a small amount of iron salts.
懸浮物上漂
1、操作不當(dāng)，有的是不專業(yè)的人員在實(shí)驗(yàn)中運(yùn)用了不當(dāng)手法，加入聚合氯化鋁后，攪拌過急過慢都不行，初次實(shí)驗(yàn)，要有專業(yè)的水處理師從旁協(xié)助，這是很重要的一點(diǎn)。
2、加聚合硫酸鐵的量沒有控制好，（加藥過多或過少）這種情況，最容易出現(xiàn)懸浮物上漂。
使用前，將本產(chǎn)品按一定濃度（10-30%）投入溶礬池，注入自來水?dāng)嚢枋怪浞炙?，靜置至呈紅棕色液體，再兌水稀釋到所需濃度投加混凝。水廠亦可配成2-5%直接投加，工業(yè)廢水處理直接配 成5-10%投加。 b、投加量的確定，根據(jù)原水性質(zhì)可通過生產(chǎn)調(diào)試或燒杯實(shí)驗(yàn)視礬花形成適量而定，制水廠可以原用的其它藥劑量作為參考，在同等條件下本產(chǎn)品與固體聚合氯化鋁用量大體相當(dāng)，是固體硫酸鋁用量的 1/3-1/4。如果原用的是液體產(chǎn)品，可根據(jù)相應(yīng)藥劑濃度計(jì)算酌定。大致按重量比1:3而定。
關(guān)于污水處理使用聚合硫酸鐵上水層出現(xiàn)漂浮物的原因以及解決方法
污水處理1. Improper operation, some non-professional personnel in the experiment used improper techniques, adding polyaluminium chloride, stirring too fast or too slow can not, the first experiment, there must be professional water treatment assistant, this is a very important point.
2. The amount of polyferric sulfate added is not well controlled (too much or too little dosage). In this case, suspended solids are most likely to float.
Before use, the product was put into the alum bath at a certain concentration (10-30%) and stirred with tap water to make it fully hydrolyzed. The product was put into a red-brown liquid and diluted with water until the required concentration was added and coagulated. Waterworks can also be added 2-5% directly, and industrial wastewater treatment can be added 5-10%. B. The determination of dosage depends on the proper amount of alum bed by production debugging or beaker experiment according to the nature of raw water. The other dosage used in water plant can be used as reference. Under the same conditions, the dosage of this product is approximaby equal to that of solid polyaluminium chloride, which is 1/3-1/4 of that of solid aluminium sulfate. If the original liquid product is used, it can be calculated according to the concentration of the corresponding agent. It depends roughly on the weight ratio of 1:3.
Reasons and Solutions for Floating Matter in the Upper Water Layer of Polyferric Sulfate Used in Sewage Treatment
3、加聚合硫酸鐵的量對了，但是廢水的PH值不對，沒有在相應(yīng)藥劑的使用PH范圍。適應(yīng)水體PH值范圍寬為4-11，H值范圍為6-9，凈化后原水的PH值與總堿度變化幅度小
4、使用凈水產(chǎn)品的型號不對，根據(jù)污水的特點(diǎn)，選擇適合自己污水特征的凈水劑，如：聚合氯化鋁、聚氯化鋁、聚合氯化鋁鐵、氯化鋁、噴霧式聚合氯化鋁、白色聚合氯化鋁等等，聽從專業(yè)水處理師的指導(dǎo)意見，他們給的意見都是專業(yè)性的。
關(guān)于污水處理使用聚合硫酸鐵上水層出現(xiàn)漂浮物的原因以及解決方法
聚合硫酸鐵
5、最后一點(diǎn)要考慮的就是，你所使用的聚合硫酸鐵，質(zhì)量是否達(dá)標(biāo)，聚合硫酸鐵的各項(xiàng)指標(biāo)是否符合標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。
現(xiàn)在市面上聚合硫酸鐵的質(zhì)量參差不齊，相對于質(zhì)量好一些的聚合硫酸鐵在使用過程中，出現(xiàn)懸浮物的幾率會(huì)很低的，好一些的聚合硫酸鐵幾乎是沒有水不溶物的，所以產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量也是非常重要。微生物活性有促進(jìn)作用，就是出水色度有影響
將化學(xué)除磷劑投加于生化池的后面，這樣便可以完全避免水中多種物質(zhì)與除磷劑發(fā)生反應(yīng),消耗藥劑用量.且不會(huì)降低生化池的進(jìn)水有機(jī)碳濃度，影響微生物的脫氮除磷效果。同時(shí)還可避免過多投加除磷劑，也會(huì)使殘余的藥劑進(jìn)入生化系統(tǒng)中，對微生物生長造成影響。
將除磷絮凝劑投加于好氧池的出水口端，二沉池的前面投加除磷劑則可以大量減少除磷藥劑的使用量，這是廢水在生化處理的過程中已去除水中大部分磷，并將偏磷、有機(jī)磷轉(zhuǎn)化為可通過混凝處理的正磷，大大提高除磷效果和減少除磷劑投加量，減少污泥產(chǎn)量、減少污泥中的磷含量。 所以，化學(xué)除磷藥劑一般投加于生化后，二沉池前，節(jié)省廢水除磷成本和提高達(dá)標(biāo)率。?
運(yùn)用時(shí)可將本產(chǎn)品直接投加，或先參加溶解罐，濃度為10～20%，拌和，用泵投加到反響池。本產(chǎn)品適用的pH值規(guī)模廣，在酸性條件下運(yùn)用效果尤佳，運(yùn)用量約為100～1000ppm（即0.1～1公斤/噸廢水），依據(jù)廢水中磷酸根的含量不同其用量有所差異，詳細(xì)用量一般通過試驗(yàn)斷定。
試驗(yàn)時(shí)取一定量的原水，參加適量的本產(chǎn)品（如500ppm），將廢水pH值調(diào)節(jié)至7～8，www.hnldscl.com參加少數(shù)聚丙烯酰胺PAM絮凝沉積，過濾取上清液測定磷的含量。（如需處理重金屬，用上清液進(jìn)行二次處理即可。）AC/PAM與除磷劑攪拌后的反應(yīng)？使用時(shí)可將本產(chǎn)品直接投加，或先參加溶解罐，濃度為10～20%，拌和，用泵投加到反響池。本產(chǎn)品適用的pH值規(guī)模廣，在酸性條件下使用作用尤佳，使用量約為100～1000ppm（即0.1～1公斤/噸廢水），依據(jù)廢水中磷酸根的含量不同其用量有所差異，具體用量一般經(jīng)過試驗(yàn)斷定。The amount of polyferric sulfate added is right, but the PH value of wastewater is not right, and there is no optimum range of PH used in the corresponding reagents. The suitable range of PH value is 4-11, and the optimum range of PH value is 6-9. After purification, the change range of PH value and total alkalinity of raw water is small.
4, the type of water purification products is not correct. According to the characteristics of sewage, choose suitable water purifying agent suitable for its own sewage characteristics, such as polyaluminum chloride, polyaluminum chloride, polyaluminum ferric chloride, aluminum chloride, spray polyaluminum chloride, white polyaluminium chloride, etc., and listen to the advice of professional water treatment division, and give their advice. They are all professional.
Reasons and Solutions for Floating Matter in the Upper Water Layer of Polyferric Sulfate Used in Sewage Treatment
Polyferric sulfate
5. The last point to consider is whether the quality of the polyferric sulfate you use meets the national standards, and whether the various indicators of the polyferric sulfate meet the national standards.
At present, the quality of polyferric sulfate is uneven in the market. Compared with the better quality of Polyferric sulfate, the probability of suspended solids will be very low. The better polyferric sulfate has almost no water insoluble solids, so the quality of products is also very important. Microbial activity has a promotive effect, that is, effluent color has an impact.
Adding chemical Dephosphorizer to the back of biochemical pond can compleby avoid the reb between various substances in water and dephosphorizer, consume the amount of reagent, and will not reduce the concentration of organic carbon in the influent of biochemical pond, affecting the effect of nitrogen and phosphorus removal by microorganisms. At the same time, it can avoid excessive dosage of phosphorus removal agents, and also make the residual agents into the biochemical system, which will affect the growth of microorganisms.
Adding phosphorus removal flocculant to the outlet of aerobic tank and phosphorus removal agent in front of secondary sedimentation tank can greatly reduce the use of phosphorus removal agent. This is because most phosphorus in wastewater has been removed in the process of biochemical treatment, and phosphorus migration and organic phosphorus are converted into positive phosphorus which can be treated by coagulation, which greatly improves the effect of phosphorus removal and improves the efficiency of phosphorus removal. Reduce the dosage of phosphorus removal agent, reduce sludge production, reduce phosphorus content in sludge. Therefore, chemical phosphorus removal agents are generally added to the biochemical process, before the secondary sedimentation tank, to save the cost of phosphorus removal from wastewater and improve the rate of reaching the standard. ?
When in use, the product can be directly added or participated in the dissolving tank, the concentration of which is 10-20%, mixed and pumped into the reb tank. The product is suitable for a wide range of pH values, especially in acidic conditions. Its application amount is about 100-1000 ppm (i.e. 0.1-1 kg/ton wastewater). According to the different content of phosphate in wastewater, its dosage is different. The detailed dosage is generally determined by experiments.
During the experiment, a certain amount of raw water was taken and the product (such as 500 ppm) was added. The pH value of the wastewater was adjusted to 7-8. www.hnldscl.com participated in the flocculation and deb of a few PAM. The supernatant was filtered to determine the phosphorus content. (If heavy bls need to be treated, the supernatant can be used for secondary treatment.) Reb of AC/PAM with phosphorus removal agent after stirring? When in use, the product can be directly added or participated in the dissolving tank at the concentration of 10-20%. The product can be mixed and pumped into the reb tank. The product is suitable for a wide range of pH values, especially in acidic conditions. Its usage is about 100-1000ppm (i.e. 0.1-1 kg/ton wastewater). According to the content of phosphate in wastewater, its dosage is different. The specific dosage is generally determined by experiments.
試驗(yàn)時(shí)取一定量的原水，參加適量的本產(chǎn)品（如500ppm），將廢水pH值調(diào)理至7～8，參加少數(shù)聚丙烯酰胺PAM絮凝沉積，過濾取上清液測定磷的含量。（如需處理重金屬，用上清液進(jìn)行二次處理即可。） FeCl3、及 AlCl3溶液充沛混合均勻后參加NaOH溶液，三者摩爾比為3∶2∶14；混合反響并靜置后濾出生成物，用水重復(fù)洗刷至出水為中性；于100-110℃下烘干并制成尺度均勻的粒狀吸附劑。
該吸附劑的使用，在慣例水處理工藝中增設(shè)吸附除磷工藝，吸附除磷工藝由2-4個(gè)串聯(lián)運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)的除磷吸附池組成，除磷吸附池結(jié)構(gòu)同濾池，用粒狀復(fù)合鐵鋁除磷吸附劑作濾料，粒徑規(guī)模0.5mm-0.8mm，吸附層厚度為1.0-1.5m，吸附池水力負(fù)荷5m/h-8m/h，空床觸摸時(shí)刻30-40min。該吸附劑除磷適用規(guī)模廣；除污染效能優(yōu)異，再生簡略，質(zhì)料價(jià)格低，易得安全。
PAC/PAM與除磷劑制備辦法
FeCl3及 AlCl3溶液充沛混合均勻后參加NaOH溶液，三者摩爾比為3∶2∶14；混合反響并靜置后濾出生成w物，用水重復(fù)洗刷至出水為中性；于100-110℃下烘干并制成尺度均勻的粒狀吸附劑。
該吸附劑的使用，在慣例水處理工藝中增設(shè)吸附除磷工藝，吸附除磷工藝由2-4個(gè)串聯(lián)運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)的除磷吸附池組成，除磷吸附池結(jié)構(gòu)同濾池，用粒狀復(fù)合鐵鋁除磷吸附劑作濾料，粒徑規(guī)模0.5mm-0.8mm，吸附層厚度為1.0-1.5m，吸附池水力負(fù)荷5m/h-8m/h，空床觸摸時(shí)刻30-40min。該吸附劑除磷適用規(guī)模廣；除污染效能優(yōu)異，再生簡略，質(zhì)料價(jià)格低，易得安In the experiment, a certain amount of raw water was taken and the product (e.g. 500 ppm) was participated in. The pH value of wastewater was adjusted to 7-8. A few PAM flocculating deposits were participated in. The content of phosphorus in the supernatant was determined by filtration. (If heavy bls need to be treated, the supernatant can be used for secondary treatment.) FeCl3, AlCl3 and AlCl3 solutions were mixed in NaOH solution with a molar ratio of 3:2:14; the product was filtered after mixing reb and standing, and washed repeatedly with water until the effluent was neutral; the granular adsorbent was dried at 100-110 ~C and made into unib size.
The adsorbent is used to remove phosphorus by adsorption in conventional water treatment process. The adsorbent consists of 2-4 series operation phosphorus removal adsorbents. The structure of the adsorbent is the same as that of the filter. The particle size of the adsorbent is 0.5mm-0.8mm, the thickness of the adsorbent layer is 1.0-1.5m, and the hydraulic force of the adsorbent is negative. Load 5 m/h-8 m/h, empty bed touching time 30-40 min. The adsorbent has wide application scale for phosphorus removal, excellent pollution removal efficiency, simple regeneration, low material price and easy to obtain safety.
Preparation of PAC/PAM and Phosphorus Removal Agent
FeCl3 and AlCl3 solutions were mixed in NaOH solution with a molar ratio of 3:2:14. After mixing and standing, W was filtered and washed repeatedly with water until the effluent was neutral. The granular adsorbent was dried at 100-110 C and made into unib size.
The adsorbent is used to remove phosphorus by adsorption in conventional water treatment process. The adsorbent consists of 2-4 series operation phosphorus removal adsorbents. The structure of the adsorbent is the same as that of the filter. The particle size of the adsorbent is 0.5mm-0.8mm, the thickness of the adsorbent layer is 1.0-1.5m, and the hydraulic force of the adsorbent is negative. Load 5 m/h-8 m/h, empty bed touching time 30-40 min. The adsorbent is suitable for phosphorus removal on a wide scale, with excellent pollution removal efficiency, simple regeneration, low material price and easy access to safety.
FeCl3、及 AlCl3溶液充分混合均勻后參加NaOH溶液，三者摩爾比為3∶2∶14；混合反響并靜置后濾出生成物，用水反復(fù)洗刷至出水為中性；于100-110℃下烘干并制成尺度均勻的粒狀吸附劑。該吸附劑的使用，在常規(guī)水處理工藝中增設(shè)吸附除磷工藝，吸附除磷工藝由2-4個(gè)串聯(lián)運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)的除磷吸附池組成，除磷吸附池結(jié)構(gòu)同濾池，用粒狀復(fù)合鐵鋁除磷吸附劑作濾料，粒徑規(guī)模0.5mm-0.8mm，吸附層厚度為1.0-1.5m，吸附池水力負(fù)荷5m/h-8m/h，空床觸摸時(shí)間30-40min。該吸附劑除磷適用規(guī)模廣；除污染效能優(yōu)異，再生簡單，質(zhì)料價(jià)格低，易得安全。
河道治理用的除磷劑適用規(guī)模
1、用于生活污水處理廠除磷，特別是合適中磷段污水處理；
2、合適于含外表處理工藝的工業(yè)廢水；
3、用于食品廠廢水；
4、用于制藥、造紙、農(nóng)藥、化肥廠的廢水處理。
5、用于廢物填埋廠廢物滲濾液處理。After fully mixing and homogenizing AlCl3 solution, NaOH solution was added with a molar ratio of 3:2:14; the product was filtered after mixing and standing, and washed repeatedly with water until the effluent was neutral; the granular adsorbent was dried at 100-110 (?) C and made into unib size. The adsorbent is used to remove phosphorus by adsorption in conventional water treatment process. The adsorbent consists of 2-4 series operation phosphorus removal adsorbents. The structure of the adsorbent is the same as that of the filter. The particle size of the adsorbent is 0.5mm-0.8mm, the thickness of the adsorbent layer is 1.0-1.5m, and the hydraulic force of the adsorbent is negative. Load 5 m/h-8 m/h, empty bed touch time 30-40 min. The adsorbent has wide application scale for phosphorus removal, excellent pollution removal efficiency, simple regeneration, low material price and easy safety.
Application Scale of Phosphorus Removal Agents for River Regulation
1. It is used for phosphorus removal in domestic sewage treatment plants, especially for medium phosphorus section sewage treatment.
2. Suitable for industrial wastewater containing surface treatment process.
3. Wastewater from food factories;
4. Wastewater treatment in pharmaceutical, papermaking, pesticide and fertilizer plants.
5. Waste leachate treatment in waste landfill plants.
聚丙烯酰胺工業(yè)用處：聚丙烯酸胺(PAM)分子量高、水溶性好、可調(diào)理分子量，并能夠引進(jìn)各種離子基團(tuán)以得到特定的性能。低分子量是分散資料有效增調(diào)劑或穩(wěn)定劑，高分子量是重要的絮凝劑，它能夠制造出親水而水不溶性的凝膠，它對許多團(tuán)體外表和溶解物質(zhì)有良可以作為凈水藥劑使用，也可以在造紙領(lǐng)域被當(dāng)做助留劑使用，部分造紙使用草漿纖維較短，細(xì)胞雜質(zhì)較高，導(dǎo)致了紙張強(qiáng)度較差，抄紙過程中濾水困難。對于此問題處理辦法有兩種：機(jī)械截留和膠體絮凝。
機(jī)械截留類似于過濾作用，它適用于紙張中較長部分纖維，纖細(xì)組分隱藏高的原因無法由此說明，助留劑的助留作用也無法用此解釋；
膠體絮凝作用為：凝聚作用和絮凝作用。分子量較小或者無機(jī)鹽、電荷密度較高的聚合物使膠體懸浮液穩(wěn)定性喪失從而發(fā)生絮聚作用稱之為凝聚作用，經(jīng)過電荷中和、異相凝聚和補(bǔ)綴作用幾種方法產(chǎn)生的沉積物。聚合氯化鋁是指聚凝作用中所提到的無機(jī)鹽。電荷密度較高的聚合物。
運(yùn)用聚合氯化鋁處理了造紙進(jìn)程由酸性改為中、堿性規(guī)模，紙漿中的陰離子雜質(zhì)的問題，紙機(jī)操作以及紙質(zhì)量的一系列問題，聚合氯化鋁帶有陽電荷，可以有效的控制陰離子的作用，有利于紙張濾水性 改善，聚合氯化鋁極容易在纖維外表形成吸附，還可以將帶有負(fù)電荷的填料和纖維吸附，使細(xì)料的藏著率有效的提高，漿料的濾水功效得到進(jìn)一步的改善好的粘附力。由于以上性能PAM普遍應(yīng)用于絮凝、增稠、減阻、擬膠、粘結(jié)、阻垢等范疇 。
陰離子聚丙烯酰胺依據(jù)不同用處和用戶對產(chǎn)品性能的央求，可選用不同分子量運(yùn)用。
在工業(yè)廢水處置中，特別是關(guān)于懸浮顆粒、較粗、濃度高、粒子帶陽電荷，水的PH值為中性工堿性的污水如鋼鐵廠廢水，電鍍廠廢水，冶金廢水，洗煤廢水等污水處置效果很好。
在飲用水處置。我國很多自來水廠的水源自江河泥少及礦物質(zhì)含量高，比擬混濁，雖經(jīng)過沉淀處置，但仍達(dá)不到央求，需求投加絮凝劑，才干使水質(zhì)變清，很多自來水廠采用無機(jī)絮凝劑，但投加量大，構(gòu)成污泥量增大效果不好，采用陰離子聚丙烯酰胺作絮凝劑，投加量是無機(jī)絮凝的50分之一但效果是無機(jī)絮凝劑的幾倍至幾十倍，特別是我公司消費(fèi)的聚丙烯酰胺，剩余單體已抵達(dá)食品級(小于0.05%)，接近國外先進(jìn)程度，，對處置飲用水更為合適，關(guān)于有機(jī)物污染嚴(yán)重的江河水和陰離子聚丙烯酰胺配合運(yùn)用效果更好。
聚丙烯酰胺用作淀粉廠及酒精廠的流失淀粉及酒糟的回收。往常很多淀粉廠排出的廢水內(nèi)淀粉很高，排放之后影響環(huán)境，糜費(fèi)資源，投加PAM，使淀粉沉淀，沉淀物經(jīng)壓濾機(jī)壓濾變成餅類可作飼料，酒精廠大量的酒糟就是采用這種工藝加工的，黑龍江某酒精廠就是聚丙烯酰胺作絮凝劑，對酒糟中止回收的而且獲得了很大的經(jīng)濟(jì)效益。
聚丙烯酰胺用作油田調(diào)剖堵水的堵水劑，三次采油的驅(qū)油劑。
聚丙烯酰胺用作造紙助劑，PAM在造紙方面用處很普遍，可作為長纖維造紙分散劑，干濕加強(qiáng)劑，助留，助濾劑及造紙廢水的絮凝劑等。
最新型的水處置劑聚丙烯酰胺，在很多場所處置污水和上水時(shí)，陰離子聚丙烯酰胺和陽離子聚丙烯酰胺配合運(yùn)用要比單獨(dú)運(yùn)用一種離子型聚丙烯酰胺產(chǎn)生十分顯著和協(xié)同效應(yīng)，PAM對降低外表張力的才干要遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)大于同條件下陽離子或陰離子單獨(dú)存在的才干，為抵達(dá)降低外表張力的央求，需求同時(shí)運(yùn)用陰離子和陽離子聚丙烯酰胺，便兩者如運(yùn)用不當(dāng)，會(huì)產(chǎn)生白色沉淀物，失去運(yùn)用效果 。而PAM具有兩性離子的特性，它能夠完成陰離子、陽離子的配合協(xié)同作用，面沒有任何沉淀物的產(chǎn)生，特別是對水質(zhì)狀況比擬復(fù)雜或水的性質(zhì)經(jīng)常變化的，運(yùn)用PAM作為處置絮凝劑更為便當(dāng)，效果更好。
在污水預(yù)處置中采用的污泥取自以錢塘江水為水源的沉淀池，該水廠以聚合氯化鋁PAC為絮凝劑。污泥經(jīng)自然濃縮到含固率為2.7%～2.8%，經(jīng)測定，污泥中有機(jī)物含量為12.1%，sj如含量為52.1%，Al。含量為20.2%。 PAM有陽離子型、陰離子型和非離子型三品種型。非離子型PAM溶解速度較慢，普通不用于污泥預(yù)處置，因而實(shí)驗(yàn)僅選用兩種有代表性的陽離子聚丙烯酰胺和陰離子聚丙烯酰胺。陽離子型PAM分子量1200萬，丙烯酰胺單體含量0.012%。陰離子型PAM分子量1250萬，丙烯酰胺單體含量0.013％。兩種PAM配制濃度均為0.05％%，冰箱冷藏24h后運(yùn)用。
(1)PAM預(yù)處置污泥取lOOml污泥，放入300ml的燒杯中，采用六聯(lián)攪拌機(jī)以1130rpm的轉(zhuǎn)速快 速攪拌30s后疾速投加～定量制備好的PAM，繼續(xù)以lOOrpm的轉(zhuǎn)速攪拌30s， 然后降低攪拌機(jī)轉(zhuǎn)速到20～30rpm慢速攪拌60s促進(jìn)絮凝。分別測定預(yù)處置后污泥的比阻、毛細(xì)吸水時(shí)間(CST)、過濾液的粘度和離心液的粘度。
(2)比阻按考克力(Coackley)提出的實(shí)驗(yàn)辦法，采用布氏漏斗實(shí)驗(yàn)。布氏漏斗的直徑為80mm，濾紙采用由70mm定量中速濾紙，實(shí)驗(yàn)真空度控制為0.01MPa。實(shí)驗(yàn)反復(fù)3次取均勻值。
(3)為了降低比阻，進(jìn)步污泥脫水效果，在污泥脫水前普通均需對污泥中止預(yù)處置。污泥預(yù)處置的辦法有冰凍一凍結(jié)預(yù)處置、熱處置、酸處置、堿處置、石灰預(yù)處置和高分子絮凝劑預(yù)處置等，其中高分子絮凝劑聚丙烯酰胺(PAM) 預(yù)處置是目前國內(nèi)外采用最普遍的預(yù)處置辦法。
(4) 聚丙烯酰胺絮凝劑預(yù)處置普通占整個(gè)污泥處置費(fèi)用較高的比例，因而，聚丙烯酰胺的優(yōu)化選擇和投加率的合理肯定對降低污泥預(yù)處置費(fèi)用相當(dāng)關(guān)鍵。對選擇聚丙烯酰胺的實(shí)驗(yàn)辦法的研討已展開多年，包括比阻、CST值、污泥流變性、分別液粘度、活動(dòng)電流等。The synthesis and process physical properties of AM polyacrylamide: PAM is prepared by direct reb of acrylonitrile with water under the b of framework copper catalyst, and then dried by ion exchange polymerization. The process is as follows: catalyst: catalytic hydration CH2 = CHCN + H2 humidity CH2 = CHCONH2 polymerization nCH2 = CHCONH2 - initiator - CH2CHCONH2
Industrial uses of polyacrylamide: Polyacrylamide (PAM) has high molecular weight, good water solubility, adjustable molecular weight, and can introduce various ionic groups to obtain specific properties. Low molecular weight is an effective additive or stabilizer for dispersing materials. High molecular weight is an important flocculant. It can produce hydrophilic and water-insoluble gel, which has good adhesion to many groups of surface and dissolved substances. Because of the above properties, PAM is widely used in flocculation, thickening, drag reduction, glue imitation, bonding, scale inhibition and other fields.
Anionic polyacrylamide can be used in different molecular weights according to different uses and user's requirements for product perbance.
In industrial wastewater treatment, especially for suspended particles, coarser, high concentration, positive charged particles, neutral and alkaline wastewater such as iron and steel plant wastewater, electroplating plant wastewater, bllurgical wastewater, coal washing wastewater and other wastewater treatment effect is very good.
In drinking water treatment. The water source of many Waterworks in our country is low in mud and high in mineral content, which is turbid. Although it has been treated by precipitation, it still can not meet the requirements. Flocculants are needed to make the water quality b. Many waterworks use inorganic flocculants, but the amount of inorganic flocculants is large, resulting in poor effect of sludge increase. Anionic polyacrylamide acrylamide monomer was 0.012%. The molecular weight of anionic PAM was 12.5 million and the content of acrylamide monomer was 0.013%. The concentration of two kinds of PAM is 0.05%. They are used after refrigeration for 24 hours.
(1) PAM pretreatment sludge takes lOml sludge and puts it into a 300 ml beaker. Six-unit mixers are used to mix at 1130 RPM speed for 30 seconds, and then the PAM is added to the sludge quickly and quantitatively. The PAM is stirred at lOOrpm speed for 30 seconds, then the speed of the mixer is reduced to 20-30 rpm and the slow stirring speed is 60 seconds to promote flocculation. The specific resistance of pretreated sludge, capillary water absorption time (CST), the viscosity of filtrate and the viscosity of centrifuge were measured.
(2) The specific resistance is tested by Brinell funnel according to the test b proposed by Coackley. The diameter of Brinell funnel is 80 mm. The filter paper is made of 70 mm medium speed filter paper. The vacuum degree of the test is controlled to 0.01 MPa. The experiment was repeated three times to get the average value.
(3) In order to reduce specific resistance and improve sludge dewatering effect, sludge should be pretreated before sludge dewatering. Sludge pretreatment bs include freeze-thaw pretreatment, heat treatment, acid treatment, alkali treatment, lime pretreatment and polymer flocculant pretreatment. Polymer flocculant polyacrylamide (PAM) pretreatment is the most widely used pretreatment b at home and abroad.
(5)實(shí)驗(yàn)研討標(biāo)明：投加陽離子型和陰離子型PAM后污泥比阻都降低近2個(gè)數(shù)量級，顯著改善了污泥的脫水性能。陰離子型PAM加率為0.3kg/T干污泥，陽離子聚丙烯酰胺絮凝劑投加率為1.5kg/T于污泥，可見陰離子型PAM的投加率遠(yuǎn)小于陽離子型PAM的投加率，且陰離子型PAM的價(jià)錢約是陽離子型PAM價(jià)錢的1/2，故陰離子型PAM可作為自來水廠污泥預(yù)處置藥劑的首選。
(6)依據(jù)CST值變化肯定PAM最投加率與測定比阻得到的最投加率分歧。并且CST值與比阻之間存在線性相關(guān)關(guān)系，比阻值越大，CST值越大，因而能夠采用CST值來近似替代污泥比阻反映污泥的脫水性能。與比阻相比，cST值測定快速、煩瑣，不但適用于實(shí)驗(yàn)室研討，還可用于消費(fèi)現(xiàn)場，快速理解污泥脫水性能的變化，使操作人員及時(shí)調(diào)楚PAM投加率，儉省藥劑費(fèi)。is used as flocculant, and the dosage is inorganic flocculant. One fiftieth of the flocculants, but the effect is several times to dozens of times that of inorganic flocculants. Especially the polyacrylamide produced by our company, the residual monomers have reached the food grade (less than 0.05%), close to the advanced level abroad, non-toxic, more suitable for the treatment of drinking water, and better for the use of organic pollutants polluted river water and anionic polyacrylamide.
Polyacrylamide is used to recover lost starch and distiller's grains in starch and alcohol factories. At present, the starch in the waste water discharged by many starch factories is very high. After discharging, it affects the environment, wastes resources, and adds PAM to make starch precipitate. The precipitate is filtered by pressure filter to become cake and can be used as feed. A large number of distillers'grains in the alcohol factories are processed by this process. A certain alcohol factory in Heilongjiang Province uses polyacrylamide as flocculant, which recycles the distillers' grains and obtains a great deal of experience. Economic benefits.
Polyacrylamide is used as water shutoff agent for profile control and water shutoff in Oilfield and oil displacement agent for tertiary oil recovery.
Polyacrylamide is used as paper-making additive. PAM is widely used in paper-making. It can be used as long fiber paper-making dispersant, wet and dry reinforcing agent, retention aid, filter aid and flocculant of paper-making wastewater.
The latest type of water treatment agent polyacrylamide, when treating sewage and water in many occasions, the combination of anionic polyacrylamide and cationic polyacrylamide has a very significant and synergistic effect than using one kind of ionic polyacrylamide alone. The ability of PAM to reduce surface tension is much greater than the ability of cations or anions existing alone under the same conditions. For the requirement of low surface tension, both anionic and cationic polyacrylamide need to be used at the same time. If they are used improperly, white precipitates will be produced and the effect of using them will be lost. PAM has the characteristics of amphoteric ions. It can complete the coordination of anions and cations. There is no precipitate on the surface. Especially, it is more convenient to use PAM as a flocculant because of the complex water quality or the changeable nature of water.
The sludge used in sewage pretreatment is taken from the sedimentation tank with Qiantang River water as its source of water, and PAC is used as a flocculant in the water plant. The sludge was naturally concentrated to a solid content of 2.7%-2.8%. The organic matter content in the sludge was 12.1%, SJ content was 52.1%, Al content was determined. The content was 20.2%. There are three types of PAM: cationic, anionic and nonionic. Non-ionic PAM dissolves slowly and is generally not used for sludge pretreatment. Therefore, only two representative cationic polyacrylamides and anionic polyacrylamides are selected in the experiment. The molecular weight of cationic PAM was 12 million and the content of
(7)不管是陽離子聚丙烯酰胺絮凝劑還是陰離子聚丙烯酰胺絮凝劑，隨著投加率的增加，濾液和離心液粘度都呈現(xiàn)與比阻和CST值類似的變化規(guī)律，呈現(xiàn)了明顯的最小值，而且該最小值對應(yīng)投加率與污泥比阻和CST值實(shí)驗(yàn)得加率根本分歧。該辦法斷定率快速、簡單，而且還有可能用作消費(fèi)上在線控制PAint最 佳投加率的參數(shù)，但其在消費(fèi)上的應(yīng)用還需做進(jìn)一步的實(shí)驗(yàn)研討。
。 跟著水解度的添加，羧基陰離子添加，分子鏈不斷伸展，然后有使絮凝作用逐漸增強(qiáng)的作用；一起，聚丙烯酰胺分子的負(fù)電性亦逐漸增強(qiáng)，又阻礙了其與負(fù)電性的泥沙雜質(zhì)相吸附，并且在吸附架橋中起 首要作用的活性基團(tuán)-酰胺基也不斷減少，然后跟著水解度的添加，又存在使絮凝作用逐漸變差的要素。 陰離子聚丙烯酰胺作為綜合成果：水解比過大，加堿費(fèi)用較高，水解比過小，又會(huì)使反應(yīng)不足，陰離子型聚丙烯酰胺的混凝或助凝作用較差。 所以陰離子聚丙烯酰胺不一定水解度越高越好，什么都會(huì)有個(gè)限度，適宜的才是zui優(yōu)的河南安家凈環(huán)保是一家專業(yè)出產(chǎn)各種水處理藥劑，致力于綠色環(huán)?？稍偕Y源的繼續(xù)使用，很多投入了科 研資金，首要產(chǎn)品有聚丙烯酰胺絮凝系列，聚合氯化鋁系列，聚合硫酸鐵系列，堿式氯化鋁等均受到全國客戶的一致好評，咱們將一如即往的出產(chǎn)出品質(zhì)優(yōu)質(zhì)的產(chǎn)品來報(bào)答客戶對咱們一向的支持聚丙烯酰胺生產(chǎn)及市場現(xiàn)狀分析，可得以下幾點(diǎn)認(rèn)識：
多人在使用前，都知道需要經(jīng)過進(jìn)行小試后確定聚合氯化鋁的使用方案后在進(jìn)行大量的投加使用，其中小試需要得到的有聚合氯化鋁的類型、含量、溶解濃度、使用方法等。那么如何進(jìn)行聚合氯化鋁的小試呢？河南環(huán)?？萍加邢薰緸槟榻B一下。
聚合氯化鋁的小試一般是先將聚合氯化鋁配置成5%濃度的水溶液來進(jìn)行實(shí)驗(yàn)。通常為了方面可以稱取5g的聚合氯化鋁固體，然后添加到100ml的水中，就可以配置成聚合氯化鋁的水溶液。然后將需要處理的污水進(jìn)行取樣并分配成相同的若干份，然后就可以使用聚合氯化鋁進(jìn)行小試。
用滴管將聚合氯化鋁的水溶液慢慢添加到污水中，并使用玻璃棒進(jìn)行攪拌，觀察污水的絮凝效果，如果出現(xiàn)礬花就表示聚合氯化鋁的絮凝效果較好，然后將不同的量的聚合氯化鋁水溶液添加到污水的樣品中，攪拌靜置一段時(shí)間后觀察看哪個(gè)污水樣品更加干凈清澈。在使用聚合氯化鋁的過程中，有時(shí)候需要添加一些其他的助凝劑如聚丙烯酰胺等，這樣會(huì)加快污水的絮凝和沉淀達(dá)到更加好的處理效果。ties. The flocculation is deteriorated gradually with the addition of hydrolysis degree. Anionic polyacrylamide as a comprehensive result: the hydrolysis ratio is too large, the cost of adding alkali is higher, the hydrolysis ratio is too small, and the reb will be insufficient, the coagulation or coagulation of anionic polyacrylamide is poor. Therefore, anionic polyacrylamide is not necessarily hydrolyzed higher, the better, everything will have a limit, the appropriate is Zui excellent Henan Anjiajing Environmental Protection is a professional production of various water treatment agents, committed to the continued use of green and environmentally friendly renewable resources, a lot of investment in scientific research funds, the primary product is polyacrylamide flocs. Coagulation series, polyaluminium chloride series, polyferric sulfate series, alkaline aluminium chloride series and so on are all praised by the national customers. We will continue to produce high-quality products to repay customers for our support of the production and market analysis of polyacrylamide, we can get the following understandings:
1、我國已有10個(gè)5000t/a以上的PAM生產(chǎn)廠，其中有5個(gè)萬噸級PAM大廠。這典 廠家占全國年產(chǎn)量的56%，生產(chǎn)的集中度正在提高。PAM全行業(yè)的總銷售額為62億元。
2、PAM的主要用途是油田、水處理、造紙三大領(lǐng)域，而且仍然會(huì)有增大用量的市場水處理已占整個(gè)PAM市場的1/4，并且將會(huì)比油田市場的增長速度更快；目前造紙市場比較集中，由四五家PAM廠所占有，其中某些品種有較強(qiáng)的專用性。陽離子型聚丙烯酰胺所占比例只有13%，從水處理市場今后發(fā)展來看，陽離子型聚丙烯酰胺的發(fā)展都將有更快的增速。
3、目前，PAM產(chǎn)品在我國的能源戰(zhàn)略、節(jié)水戰(zhàn)略中占有重要的地位，是不可缺少的產(chǎn)品，它在我國乃至全世界的能源危機(jī)以及下一個(gè)更為嚴(yán)重的水資源危機(jī)中將會(huì)扮演更為積極的角色。
4、由于一些油田淡水資源的缺乏及降低生產(chǎn)成本、環(huán)保等方面的要求，三次采油多采用污水配制聚合物，對耐溫抗鹽聚合物的需求越來越多，子聚丙烯酰胺的趨勢，而我國能夠生產(chǎn)抗鹽聚合物的企業(yè)只有三四家，總生產(chǎn)能力在6×104t左右，遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)不能滿足三次采油的需求，因此，抗鹽聚丙烯酰胺具有廣闊的應(yīng)用前景。
There are 10 PAM factories with a capacity of more than 5000t/a in China, of which there are 5 large PAM factories with a capacity of 10,000 tons. This manufacturer accounts for 56% of the country's annual output, and the concentration of production is increasing. The total sales volume of PAM industry is 6.2 billion yuan.
2. The main uses of PAM are oil field, water treatment and papermaking, and there is still room for increasing the amount of PAM. The second largest market, water treatment, has accounted for one fourth of the total PAM market and will grow faster than the oilfield market. At present, the paper-making market is relatively concentrated and occupied by four or five PAM factories, some of which have strong specificity. The proportion of cationic polyacrylamide is only 13%. From the future development of water treatment market, the development of cationic polyacrylamide will have a faster growth rate.
3. At present, PAM products occupy an important b in China's energy strategy and water-saving strategy, and are indispensable products. It will play a more active role in the energy crisis in China and the world as well as in the next more serious water resources crisis.
4. Because of the shortage of freshwater resources in some oilfields and the requirement of reducing production cost and environmental protection, sewage is mostly used to prepare polymers for tertiary oil recovery. There is an increasing demand for temperature-resistant and salt-resistant polymers, which tends to replace polymer polyacrylamide in an all-round way. However, only three or four enterprises in China can produce salt-resistant polymers. The total production capacity of salt-resistant polyacrylamide is about 6 *104t, which can not meet the demand of tertiary oil recovery. Therefore, salt-resistant polyacrylamide has broad application prospects.
In addition, the demand for polyacrylamide products will increase considerably in recent years due to the attention paid by our government and relevant enterprises to sewage treatment. Most domestic enterprises plan to build polyacrylamide projects mainly for urban sewage treatment. According to experts'prediction, the annual demand of municipal wastewater treatment in Shanghai alone will reach 1 x104t. It can be expected that the application potential of polyacrylamide products in wastewater treatment will be tremendous.
It can be seen that salt-resistant polyacrylamide products have broad application prospects in tertiary oil recovery and sewage treatment.
此外，由于近幾年關(guān)企業(yè)對污水處理事業(yè)的重視，對聚丙烯酰胺產(chǎn)品的需求量將會(huì)有較大幅度的增加。國內(nèi)大部分企業(yè)擬建聚丙烯酰胺項(xiàng)目主要是針對城市污水處理。據(jù)，僅上海的城市污水處理年需量將達(dá)1×104t，可以預(yù)期聚丙烯酰胺產(chǎn)品在 污水處理方面應(yīng)用的潛為巨大。
由此可見，抗鹽聚丙烯酰胺產(chǎn)品在三次采油和污水處理方面的應(yīng)用前景十分廣闊，其他行業(yè)的應(yīng)
