制造業(yè)企業(yè)在中國500強中的數(shù)量增加、入圍門檻進一步提升、營業(yè)收入和凈利潤持續(xù)增長……雖然質(zhì)疑聲漸多,但中國企業(yè)聯(lián)合會日前發(fā)布的2015中國企業(yè)500強相關數(shù)據(jù)顯示,“中國制造”依然是支撐中國經(jīng)濟持續(xù)快速發(fā)展的重要力量。
“一個制造業(yè)企業(yè)進入中國發(fā)展,打半小時電話,就能夠完成所有配套工作,而在其它國家,可能需要半個月?!盩CL集團董事長李東生的這句話,形象刻畫了中國制造在國際上無可取代的產(chǎn)業(yè)鏈優(yōu)勢。
MDD090A-N-030-N2L-110GBO這并非李東生的單獨感受,記者聽到許多類似案例:一些國家在建設大型工程時,開始選擇西方企業(yè)承接,工程進展中系統(tǒng)成本急升、遠超預算,不得不回過頭來求助中國企業(yè),并由此認識到中國制造在系統(tǒng)集成和產(chǎn)業(yè)鏈方面的強大優(yōu)勢。
一段時期以來,隨著全球經(jīng)濟減速和中國經(jīng)濟邁入新常態(tài),外界對于“中國制造”的質(zhì)疑聲逐漸增多。近日,美國波士頓咨詢集團發(fā)布的一項報告就引起了廣泛關注。
MDD090A-N-030-N2L-110GBO這一報告以美國為基準對全球各大經(jīng)濟體的勞動力、能源等成本進行了測算,結(jié)論是,如果美國的成本指數(shù)是100,中國制造的成本指數(shù)就是96。這一報告被解讀為,隨著工資大幅上漲、能源成本上升等,向來被稱之為“世界工廠”的中國的競爭優(yōu)勢正在削弱,在全球制造業(yè)賽跑中開始落后。
MDD090A-N-030-N2L-110GBO不過很多中國的企業(yè)家和學者并不認同這一結(jié)論。“報告指標系數(shù)的確定并不合理?!鼻迦A大學全球產(chǎn)業(yè)4.5研究院副院長朱恒源說。他表示,制造業(yè)的成本受能源結(jié)構、地域差異等多種因素影響,需要具體分析?!懊绹哪茉词翘烊粴?,而中國制造業(yè)的主要能源是煤,不能混為一談?!?。
一些業(yè)內(nèi)人士認為,中國制造業(yè)至少在兩方面還有發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略縱深的空間,一是東中西部發(fā)展程度差異提供的成本空間;二是影響制造業(yè)分布的因素除成本導向外,更在于產(chǎn)業(yè)鏈的發(fā)展,門類齊全配套完善的中國制造業(yè)在一段時期內(nèi)還將具有明顯優(yōu)勢。
MDD090A-N-030-N2L-110GBO與之相反的是,一些發(fā)達國家“制造業(yè)回流”計劃并未取得預期效果,空心化趨勢仍在繼續(xù)。以美國為例,中國企業(yè)聯(lián)合會發(fā)布的報告顯示,2015美國500強企業(yè)實現(xiàn)凈利潤大幅下滑12.57%,企業(yè)盈利能力顯著下降;其中制造業(yè)企業(yè)176家,比上年減少6家;營業(yè)收入占比下降1.7個百分點。
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