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IC693MDL231

IC693MDL231

IC693MDL231

IC693MDL231

隨著水工藝流程由簡單過程向大型化，連續(xù)化，復(fù)雜性方向發(fā)展，控制系統(tǒng)由簡單控制系統(tǒng)（如PID，串級，比值，前饋，后饋等）發(fā)展到先進(jìn)控制系統(tǒng)（如多變量來水預(yù)測，神經(jīng)元，模糊，魯棒等控制）和綜合自動化系統(tǒng)（生產(chǎn)流程控制，管理，決策一體化）。以計算機(jī)為主的控制系統(tǒng)也經(jīng)歷了DDC（Direc Digital Coptrol）（單機(jī)控制系統(tǒng)），DCS（Distributed Control System ）（集散控制系統(tǒng)），F(xiàn)CS（FieldBus Control System）（現(xiàn)場總線控制系統(tǒng)）和CIPS（Computor Integrated Process System）（計算機(jī)集成過程控制系統(tǒng)）、SCADA（監(jiān)控與數(shù)據(jù)采集系統(tǒng)）的五個發(fā)展階段。
近十年來，F(xiàn)CS現(xiàn)場控制總線系統(tǒng)大量涌進(jìn)水工業(yè)各領(lǐng)域。FCS系統(tǒng)具有數(shù)字化，分散控制等特點；采用一對N的連接方式，可省去大量的AI/AO，DI/DO，PI/PO中間模板，用數(shù)字信號代替模擬信號，在一根雙絞線或一條電纜上可掛接多個現(xiàn)場設(shè)備，節(jié)省了硬件投資和安裝費(fèi)用，系統(tǒng)成本降低。曾幾何時一度被認(rèn)為是未來控制系統(tǒng)的主要潮流。

2.2 DCS、FCS、SCADA系統(tǒng)的不足
國際電工委員會（IEC）歷時12年，于2000年1月才正式公布了IEC61158現(xiàn)場總線全部技術(shù)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，由于妥協(xié)了各大公司的既得利益，并沒有實現(xiàn)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的統(tǒng)一。在此標(biāo)準(zhǔn)中容納了8種互不兼容的通信協(xié)議。其開放性全分散控制仍存在許多問題，有許多廠商不提供真正的開放平臺?，F(xiàn)場總線普遍采用的主從式層次的控制網(wǎng)絡(luò)結(jié)構(gòu)，從所有現(xiàn)場設(shè)備到主控器的數(shù)據(jù)傳輸，必需經(jīng)過不同CPU和驅(qū)動軟件，結(jié)果是傳輸速度慢，缺乏透明度，軟件和維修費(fèi)用高，控制器之間的垂直和水平通信非常困難，所有控制器是“孤島”，獨立于INTERNET之外，無法集成。FCS總線存在瓶頸問題。

FCS現(xiàn)場總線技術(shù)對DCS控制系統(tǒng)無疑是一種重大挑戰(zhàn)。但是，F(xiàn)CS的功能模塊比DCS少；DCS靈活方便和豐富的組態(tài)功能，也比FCS強(qiáng)；在開關(guān)量與模擬量控制并存，相互關(guān)系十分密切的控制系統(tǒng)中，采用FCS就不方便了。

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