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1、全壓直接啟動(dòng)
在電網(wǎng)容量和負(fù)載兩方面都允許全壓直接啟動(dòng)的情況下，可以考慮采用全壓直接啟動(dòng)。
優(yōu)點(diǎn)是操縱控制方便，維護(hù)簡(jiǎn)單，而且比較經(jīng)濟(jì)。主要用于小功率電動(dòng)機(jī)的啟動(dòng)，從節(jié)約電能的角度考慮，大于11kW 的電動(dòng)機(jī)不宜用此方法。
2、自耦減壓?jiǎn)?dòng)
利用自耦變壓器的多抽頭減壓，既能適應(yīng)不同負(fù)載啟動(dòng)的需要，又能得到更大的啟動(dòng)轉(zhuǎn)矩，是一種經(jīng)常被用來(lái)啟動(dòng)較大容量電動(dòng)機(jī)的減壓?jiǎn)?dòng)方式。
它的優(yōu)點(diǎn)是啟動(dòng)轉(zhuǎn)矩較大，當(dāng)其繞組抽頭在80%處時(shí)，啟動(dòng)轉(zhuǎn)矩可達(dá)直接啟動(dòng)時(shí)的64%。并且可以通過(guò)抽頭調(diào)節(jié)啟動(dòng)轉(zhuǎn)矩。至今仍被廣泛應(yīng)用。
3、Y-Δ啟動(dòng)
對(duì)于正常運(yùn)行的定子繞組為三角形接法的鼠籠式異步電動(dòng)機(jī)來(lái)說(shuō)，如果在啟動(dòng)時(shí)將定子繞組接成星形，待啟動(dòng)完畢后再接成三角形，就可以降低啟動(dòng)電流，減輕它對(duì)電網(wǎng)的沖擊。這樣的啟動(dòng)方式稱為星三角減壓?jiǎn)?dòng)，或簡(jiǎn)稱為星三角啟動(dòng)（Y-Δ 啟動(dòng)）。
采用星三角啟動(dòng)時(shí)，啟動(dòng)電流只是原來(lái)按三角形接法直接啟動(dòng)時(shí)的1/3。如果直接啟動(dòng)時(shí)的啟動(dòng)電流以6～7Ie 計(jì)，則在星三角啟動(dòng)時(shí)，啟動(dòng)電流才2～2.3 倍。這就是說(shuō)采用星三角啟動(dòng)時(shí)，啟動(dòng)轉(zhuǎn)矩也降為原來(lái)按三角形接法直接啟動(dòng)時(shí)的1/3。
適用于無(wú)載或者輕載啟動(dòng)的場(chǎng)合。并且同任何別的減壓?jiǎn)?dòng)器相比較，其結(jié)構(gòu)最簡(jiǎn)單，價(jià)格也。除此之外，星三角啟動(dòng)方式還有一個(gè)優(yōu)點(diǎn)，即當(dāng)負(fù)載較輕時(shí)，可以讓電動(dòng)機(jī)在星形接法下運(yùn)行。此時(shí)，額定轉(zhuǎn)矩與負(fù)載可以匹配，這樣能使電動(dòng)機(jī)的效率有所提高，并因之節(jié)約了電力消耗。
4、軟啟動(dòng)器
這是利用了可控硅的移相調(diào)壓原理來(lái)實(shí)現(xiàn)電動(dòng)機(jī)的調(diào)壓?jiǎn)?dòng)，主要用于電動(dòng)機(jī)的啟動(dòng)控制，啟動(dòng)效果好但成本較高。因使用了可控硅元件，可控硅工作時(shí)諧波干擾較大，對(duì)電網(wǎng)有一定的影響。
另外，電網(wǎng)的波動(dòng)也會(huì)影響可控硅元件的導(dǎo)通，特別是同一電網(wǎng)中有多臺(tái)可控硅設(shè)備時(shí)。因此可控硅元件的故障率較高，因?yàn)樯婕暗诫娏﹄娮蛹夹g(shù)，因此對(duì)維護(hù)技術(shù)人員的要求也較高。
5、變頻器
變頻器是現(xiàn)代電動(dòng)機(jī)控制領(lǐng)域技術(shù)含量，控制功能最全、控制效果的電機(jī)控制裝置，它通過(guò)改變電網(wǎng)的頻率來(lái)調(diào)節(jié)電動(dòng)機(jī)的轉(zhuǎn)速和轉(zhuǎn)矩。因?yàn)樯婕暗诫娏﹄娮蛹夹g(shù)，微機(jī)技術(shù)，因此成本高，對(duì)維護(hù)技術(shù)人員的要求也高，因此主要用在需要調(diào)速并且對(duì)速度控制要求高的領(lǐng)域。
減壓?jiǎn)?dòng)、軟啟動(dòng)、變頻啟動(dòng)的優(yōu)缺點(diǎn)對(duì)比
減壓?jiǎn)?dòng)，常見(jiàn)的是星-三角啟動(dòng)，缺點(diǎn)是啟動(dòng)力矩小，僅適用于無(wú)載或輕載啟動(dòng)。優(yōu)點(diǎn)是價(jià)格便宜。
軟啟動(dòng)，可以設(shè)置啟動(dòng)時(shí)間和啟動(dòng)初始力矩對(duì)設(shè)備實(shí)現(xiàn)軟啟動(dòng)與軟停止，并能限制啟動(dòng)電流，價(jià)格適中。
變頻啟動(dòng)，能根據(jù)設(shè)定時(shí)間平滑啟動(dòng)，并讓設(shè)備運(yùn)行在設(shè)定頻率，價(jià)格較高。
減壓?jiǎn)?dòng)、軟啟動(dòng)、變頻啟動(dòng)性能原理對(duì)比
1、軟啟動(dòng)器是晶閘管交流調(diào)壓技術(shù)與功率因數(shù)控制技術(shù)的結(jié)合，是通過(guò)晶閘管調(diào)壓實(shí)現(xiàn)電機(jī)軟啟動(dòng)、軟停車(chē)，不具備調(diào)速功能。
2、變頻器是利用電力半導(dǎo)體器件的通斷作用將工頻電源變換為另一頻率的電機(jī)控制（調(diào)速）裝置。通過(guò)變頻控制電機(jī)運(yùn)行（電壓也隨頻率變化，如v/f恒定），是真正的高效調(diào)速方式，效率很高。變頻器能夠?qū)崿F(xiàn)真正的軟啟動(dòng)、軟停止和高效調(diào)速。
3、減壓?jiǎn)?dòng)一般常見(jiàn)的方式是自耦減壓起動(dòng)和Y-Δ 起動(dòng)兩種，自耦減壓起動(dòng)它的優(yōu)點(diǎn)是啟動(dòng)轉(zhuǎn)矩較大，當(dāng)其繞組抽頭在80%處時(shí)，起動(dòng)轉(zhuǎn)矩可達(dá)直接啟動(dòng)時(shí)的64%。并且可以通過(guò)抽頭調(diào)節(jié)啟動(dòng)轉(zhuǎn)矩。至今仍被廣泛應(yīng)用。
Y-Δ適用于無(wú)載或者輕載啟動(dòng)的場(chǎng)合。并且同任何別的減壓?jiǎn)?dòng)器相比較，其結(jié)構(gòu)最簡(jiǎn)單，價(jià)格也。除此之外，星三角啟動(dòng)方式還有一個(gè)優(yōu)點(diǎn)，即當(dāng)負(fù)載較輕時(shí)，可以讓電動(dòng)機(jī)在星形接法下運(yùn)行。此時(shí)，額定轉(zhuǎn)矩與負(fù)載可以匹配，這樣能使電動(dòng)機(jī)的效率有所提高，并因之節(jié)約了電力消耗。
減壓?jiǎn)?dòng)、軟啟動(dòng)、變頻啟動(dòng)綜合分析
1、價(jià)格問(wèn)題
自然是變頻器最貴，Y-Δ、自耦減壓?jiǎn)?dòng)相對(duì)便宜。對(duì)于投入較小的項(xiàng)目，經(jīng)濟(jì)性就會(huì)成為。
2、可控問(wèn)題
Y-Δ、自耦減壓?jiǎn)?dòng)簡(jiǎn)單，但僅僅只是啟動(dòng)。但在自動(dòng)化程度高的場(chǎng)合，估計(jì)就會(huì)使用得較少，甚至軟啟也少。而通過(guò)變頻器調(diào)控電機(jī)，包括轉(zhuǎn)速、電壓等就遠(yuǎn)不是減壓?jiǎn)?dòng)、軟啟動(dòng)所能比擬的。所以變頻器在大型或自動(dòng)化程度高的生產(chǎn)線就是了。
3、組網(wǎng)通訊
變頻器本身可以通過(guò)自身集成的或擴(kuò)展的通訊口實(shí)現(xiàn)網(wǎng)絡(luò)監(jiān)控。軟啟還能做一些監(jiān)控，但要實(shí)現(xiàn)電機(jī)的實(shí)時(shí)監(jiān)控，也是減壓?jiǎn)?dòng)、軟啟動(dòng)所不能比擬的。
4、維護(hù)方面
由于Y-Δ、自耦減壓?jiǎn)?dòng)本身就比較簡(jiǎn)單，自然維護(hù)起來(lái)也最簡(jiǎn)單。我其實(shí)很反對(duì)使用軟啟，如果不選擇變頻器，肯定會(huì)直接選擇Y-Δ或自耦減壓?jiǎn)?dòng)。
變頻器能完成實(shí)現(xiàn)電機(jī)的軟啟軟停，所以在相對(duì)負(fù)載較大的場(chǎng)合，Y-Δ、自耦減壓?jiǎn)?dòng)或軟啟動(dòng)都比不上變頻器。
補(bǔ)充知識(shí)對(duì)比
1.軟啟動(dòng)器和變頻器
變頻器和軟啟動(dòng)設(shè)備都屬于降壓?jiǎn)?dòng)范疇，變頻器雖然降頻后大部分會(huì)降壓，但是，恒轉(zhuǎn)矩是全壓。
軟啟動(dòng)是通過(guò)改變晶閘管的導(dǎo)通角來(lái)達(dá)到由電壓0到全電壓的啟動(dòng)過(guò)程。
變頻器是全程控制，而且可以由儀表信號(hào)來(lái)控制任何時(shí)段的電機(jī)轉(zhuǎn)速，軟啟動(dòng)器只能在電機(jī)啟動(dòng)和停止時(shí)起到降壓的目的。
2.電機(jī)啟動(dòng)方式大類(lèi)比
電動(dòng)機(jī)啟動(dòng)常用方法：全壓直接啟動(dòng)、自耦減壓?jiǎn)?dòng)、Y-Δ啟動(dòng)、軟啟動(dòng)、變頻啟動(dòng)等。
在電網(wǎng)和負(fù)載兩方面都允許的情況下，電動(dòng)機(jī)以直接啟動(dòng)為宜，因?yàn)椴倏v控制方便，而且比較經(jīng)濟(jì)。
自耦減壓?jiǎn)?dòng)經(jīng)常被用來(lái)啟動(dòng)較大容量鼠籠式異步電動(dòng)機(jī)，雖然自耦減壓?jiǎn)?dòng)是一種老式的起動(dòng)設(shè)備，但利用自耦變壓器的多抽頭減壓，既能適應(yīng)多種負(fù)載起動(dòng)的需要，又能得到更大的啟動(dòng)轉(zhuǎn)矩，加之還因裝設(shè)有熱繼電器和低電壓脫扣器而具有完善的過(guò)載和失壓保護(hù)而被廣泛應(yīng)用。
星三角啟動(dòng)方式電流特性很好，而轉(zhuǎn)矩特性差，故只適應(yīng)于無(wú)載或輕載啟動(dòng)的場(chǎng)合，但這種方式結(jié)構(gòu)最簡(jiǎn)單，價(jià)格，在輕載運(yùn)行中可以節(jié)約電力消耗。
以上這些啟動(dòng)方式都屬于有級(jí)減壓?jiǎn)?dòng)，存在明顯缺點(diǎn)，即啟動(dòng)過(guò)程中出現(xiàn)二次沖擊電流。
3.軟啟動(dòng)與傳統(tǒng)減壓?jiǎn)?dòng)方式對(duì)比
①無(wú)沖擊電流
軟啟動(dòng)器在啟動(dòng)電機(jī)時(shí)，通過(guò)逐漸增大晶閘管導(dǎo)通角，使電機(jī)啟動(dòng)電流從零線性上升至設(shè)定值。對(duì)電機(jī)無(wú)沖擊，提高了供電可靠性，平穩(wěn)啟動(dòng)，減少對(duì)負(fù)載機(jī)械的沖擊轉(zhuǎn)矩，延長(zhǎng)機(jī)器使用壽命。
②有軟停車(chē)功能
即平滑減速，逐漸停機(jī)，它可以克服瞬間斷電停機(jī)的弊病，減輕對(duì)重載機(jī)械的沖擊，避免高程供水系統(tǒng)的水錘效應(yīng)，減少設(shè)備損壞。
③啟動(dòng)參數(shù)可調(diào)
根據(jù)負(fù)載情況及電網(wǎng)繼電保護(hù)特性選擇，可自由地?zé)o級(jí)調(diào)整至的啟動(dòng)電流。
軟啟動(dòng)器和變頻器是兩種完全不同用途的產(chǎn)品，變頻器是用于需要調(diào)速的地方，其輸出不但改變電壓而且同時(shí)改變頻率；軟啟動(dòng)器實(shí)際上是個(gè)調(diào)壓器，用于電機(jī)啟動(dòng)時(shí)，輸出只改變電壓并沒(méi)有改變頻率。
變頻器具備所有軟啟動(dòng)器功能，但它的價(jià)格比軟啟動(dòng)器貴得多，結(jié)構(gòu)也復(fù)雜得多。
