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3.PLC控制系統(tǒng)中電磁干擾的主要來源有哪些呢？
(1)來自空間的輻射干擾
空間的輻射電磁場（EMI）主要是由電力網(wǎng)絡(luò)、電氣設(shè)備的暫態(tài)過程、雷電、無線電廣播、電視、雷達(dá)、高頻感應(yīng)加熱設(shè)備等產(chǎn)生的，通常稱為輻射干擾，其分布極為復(fù)雜。若PLC系統(tǒng)置于所射頻場內(nèi)，就回收到輻射干擾，其影響主要通過兩條路徑；一是直接對PLC內(nèi)部的輻射，由電路感應(yīng)產(chǎn)生干擾；而是對PLC通信內(nèi)網(wǎng)絡(luò)的輻射，由通信線路的感應(yīng)引入干擾。輻射干擾與現(xiàn)場設(shè)備布置及設(shè)備所產(chǎn)生的電磁場大小，特別是頻率有關(guān)，一般通過設(shè)置屏蔽電纜和PLC局部屏蔽及高壓泄放元件進(jìn)行保護(hù)。
(2)來自系統(tǒng)外引線的干擾
主要通過電源和信號(hào)線引入，通常稱為傳導(dǎo)干擾。這種干擾在我國工業(yè)現(xiàn)場較嚴(yán)重。
(3)來自電源的干擾
實(shí)踐證明，因電源引入的干擾造成PLC控制系統(tǒng)故障的情況很多，筆者在某工程調(diào)試中遇到過，后更換隔離性能更高的PLC電源，問題才得到解決。
PLC系統(tǒng)的正常供電電源均由電網(wǎng)供電。由于電網(wǎng)覆蓋范圍廣，將受到所有空間電磁干擾而在線路上感應(yīng)電壓和電路。尤其是電網(wǎng)內(nèi)部的變化，入開關(guān)操作浪涌、大型電力設(shè)備起停、交直流轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)裝置引起的諧波、電網(wǎng)短路暫態(tài)沖擊等，都通過輸電線路到電源邊。PLC電源通常采用隔離電源，但其機(jī)構(gòu)及制造工藝因素使其隔離性并不理想。實(shí)際上，由于分布參數(shù)特別是分布電容的存在，隔離是不可能的。
(4)來自信號(hào)線引入的干擾
與PLC控制系統(tǒng)連接的各類信號(hào)傳輸線，除了傳輸有效的各類信號(hào)之外，總會(huì)有外部干擾信號(hào)侵入。此干擾主要有兩種途徑：一是通過變送器或共用信號(hào)儀表的供電電源串入的電網(wǎng)干擾，這往往被忽略；二是信號(hào)線受空間電磁輻射感應(yīng)的干擾，即信號(hào)線上的外部感應(yīng)干擾，這是很嚴(yán)重的。由信號(hào)引入干擾會(huì)引起I/O信號(hào)工作異常和測量精度大大降低，嚴(yán)重時(shí)將引起元器件損傷。對于隔離性能差的系統(tǒng)，還將導(dǎo)致信號(hào)間互相干擾，引起共地系統(tǒng)總線回流，造成邏輯數(shù)據(jù)變化、誤動(dòng)和死機(jī)。PLC控制系統(tǒng)因信號(hào)引入干擾造成I/O模件損壞數(shù)相當(dāng)嚴(yán)重，由此引起系統(tǒng)故障的情況也很多。
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